World War Two

clear path of isolation

America was on this; they were going to stick to neutrality

World Economic Conference

the US pulled out of this, which would have made decisions for the global economy. FDR believed these decisions would set the US back in progress since the Great Depression

USSR

FDR was the first American president to formally recognize this nation because they were communist. FDR smoothed over this relationship.

Good Neighbor Policy

The US swore to stop intervening with Latin American affairs, pledging to isolation and smoothing over another relationship

Philippines

the US controlled this nation, but FDR was preparing them for independence and they were officially independent after WWII

Germany prior to WWII

This nation was weakened due to the Great Depression, which was a global event, plus they still had to make reparation payments to Britain and France. If they didn’t, Britain and France would invade and exert military control.

hyperinflation

Germany faced this massive issue before WWII because they printed way too much money with no backing. Money was so devalued that German children would play with it like brick toys and families would burn it for warmth.

desperate

the German people were_______, so they were open to the radical Hitler

Italy prior to WWII

they were bitter over the Treaty of Versailles and harboring resentment towards the Allied nations. They got nothing after WWI even though they switched sides, plus they were dealing with a economic depression of their own. So they were willing to turn on the Allies to go to Mussolini

Japan prior to WWII

they were desperate to expand and they were bitter because even though they aided the Allies in WWI, they didn’t get any acknowledgement in the Treaty. Their natural resources were limited and they wanted to be considered a world power.

Emperor Hirohito

in power in Japan before WWII; he allowed his position to be mostly ceremonial

Hideki Tojo

After the military took control in Japan, this man became the true leader of Japan, making it a military dictatorship

Manchuria

in 1931, Japan launched an invasion to take over this territory and renamed it Manchukuo, violating the Kellogg-Briand Pact (which outlawed offensive wars) but had no repercussions

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

addendum to the Kellogg-Briand Pact which said that America would not recognize any territory gained that violated the KBP, meaning the US didn’t recognize Manchukuo (Japan does not care)

League of Nations

this was created at the end of WWI to respond to situations like with Japan and Manchuria. They “condemn” Japan

emboldens

Japans is this as they received basically no punishment for violating national law; encourages other eyes watching (Hitler, Mussolini)

twice

the number of times Hitler tried to take over the German government, he was arrested the first time

Mien Kampf (1933)

Hitler’s playbook and his plans moving forward. Written while he was in prison for trying to overthrow the German government the first time

three major goals of Nazism

1. reunite German speaking people (Germany was stripped of all territories and colonies after WWI so there were parts of Europe with German speakers not in Germany)
2. Lebensraum - living space - calling for an empire and for Germany to expand


1. Racial purification - scape goats Jews and highlights the “master race” (Aryans) and how “undesirables” are tainting the pure blood of Aryans

burning of the Reichstag

The German parliament building was burned down after Hitler hired a bunch of randos to burn it down. Hitler capitalizes on the panic and promised to find those responsible and bring them to justice

Hitler as a hero

he “finds” those responsible for burning the Reichstag and executes them; the German public laud him and he is able to come to power and is begged to be leader

Nazi Party

ran the German government; Hitler’s party

Third Reich

as soon as Hitler is in power, he calls for Germany to be the 3rd major empire of the world after the Greeks and Romans

Italy in 1935

fascist Mussolini is in power and his goal is to have his country as the master of the Mediterranean

Ethiopia

invaded first by Italy; as a result, Italy is kicked out by the LoN (Mussolini doesn’t care)

Spain in 1936

does not participate in WWII because of their own civil war

Francisco Franco

Spain’s fascist leader; his sole contribution to WWII is that he was responsible to bring Hitler and Mussolini together because he wanted their support so he could take over Spain

Rome-Berlin Axis

official alliance between Hitler and Mussolini

Japan’s Invasion of China (1937)

China was on the brink of a civil war; their official leader was Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jeshi) who was a nationalist but Mao Zedong was a communist gaining power. Japan wanted to control the Chinese coastline to control trade.

Chiang Kai-Shek

fled to the interior of China and abandoned the citizens when the Japanese invaded

Mao Zedong

on the coastline, he and his Red Army stayed and fought for the citizens against Japan

East-Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

how Japan defended their invasion of China; this called for a self-sufficient economic zone that would cast out Western influence (a good thing executed in a bad way)

Panay Incident

before the war, the US and Japan had been pretty close to serious conflict - Panay was a ship that went to China to evacuate any and all Americans living there so they wouldn’t be caught in the crossfire. It was fired upon by the Japanese, who didn’t want conflict with the US, so their government apologized immediately and would pay all damages. FDR accepted this apology but built up the US Navy just in case.

Rhineland and Austria

Hitler takes over these places first, and Britain and France realize they should to something

Munich Conference

requested by Britain and France with Germany where B + F decided the best policy in handling Hitler was of appeasement in hopes he would stop

appeasement

giving into demand of aggressor

Sudetenland

Hitler wants this land and he says he will stop invading

Czechoslovakia

Hitler took the rest of this nation after promising he would stop invading, showing how the conference was a complete failure

Nonaggression Pact

Hitler is agreeing not to attack Stalin if Stalin doesn’t attack Hitler. This infuriated Britain and France, but there was more that if they had known, they never would’ve aligned themselves with the USSR. the Secret Part: Hitler revealed he would next invade Poland, and Germany and the USSR would split Poland.

Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia

countries USSR would get back with the Nonaggression Pact

September 1, 1939

Britain and France finally declare war on Hitler after he invades Poland; Italy joins in too.

Sitzkrieg

Winter 1939-April 1940, nothing happened -- no battles, no attacks, no invasions as each side is waiting for someone to make a move-- Hitler comes out with a bang in April

Blitzkrieg

April 1940: lightning war; Hitler would send in planes to bomb everything, then tanks to crush anything remaining, then troops to finish up. The Allies couldn’t get their wits to respond

June 6

by this date, six countries were taken over thanks to Blitzkrieg -- France is next

Maginot Line

Belgium has just been taken over by Germany, so the France-Belgium border is heavily fortified here in preparation for an invasion

Ardennes Forest

the rest of the France-Belgium border had this natural barrier, where the French assumed Hitler wouldn’t be able to get through -- but he sends troops here and sends them behind to wipe them out

Northern France

under German occupation and under German control completely

Vichy France

Hitler set up a puppet government and put Nazi sympathizers as mayors in different sectors in the South of France

Charles DeGaulle

leader of France who got caught in Northern France and fled to England, where he ran the French government in exile. He directed the resistance movement in France

Tripartite Pact

in September 1940, this was signed as the formal military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Key provisions of the Neutrality Act of 1935

US cannot sell weapons, ammunition, or any implements of war to nations at war (Britain, France, Germany, Italy). Restricted Americans from traveling on ships that belonged to nations at war (Lusitania). Any violators would serve prison time and/or face fines. 

Why Bennett Champ Clark believed the Neutrality Act was necessary

Will not benefit Americans as much as some thought. Might economically benefit DURING war, but it would leave us where we are currently (economic depression). 

war industries and war hungry

Who would lose if the Neutrality Act was passed; they need war to prosper

Senator Connally’s thoughts on the Neutrality Act of 1935

By being neutral, we are telling Britain and France that we don’t care and solidifying German victory.

FDR’s thoughts on the Neutrality Act of 1935

Not perfect because we can’t predict what the future holds. We don't know if our actions are right. But this is why the act has an expiration date

Americans wanted it (neutrality)

why did FDR sign the Neutrality Act of 1935 into effect?

Provisions added by the Neutrality Act of 1936

Americans cannot buy bonds or make loans to nations at war. 

Provisions added by the Neutrality Act of 1937

Banned arm sales to nations in the midst of civil war (Spain) – creation of the Cash and Carry Policy (US could trade with a nation if they paid upfront for the goods, and transported it themselves)

Cash and Carry Policy

permitted arms sales to belligerents who could pay cash and use their own ships for exports, minimizing the risk to American exporters.

The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

the first peacetime draft in US history; it set terms that would assuage the American population and not panic them – only serve for one year, only in the western hemisphere. FDR wanted to make sure he had a solid pool of American men who had received proper military training, instead of scrambling at the last minute

How did FDR present the appointments of Harry Stimson and Frank Knox to the public? What was his real motivation behind these appointments?

Stimson is appointed secretary of war, Knox is secretary of navy; Knox and Stimson were Republicans, FDR trying to be bi-partisan as a Democrat. Real motivation was Knox and Stimson were pro-war (interventionist) FDR wanted people in those positions who would support a war effort should we go to war.

fought mostly in the skies

how the Battle of Britain was different from other battles

Luftwaffe

German the air force

Royal Air Force

British the air force

Lend-Lease Act (Destroyers for Bases)

lending our naval ships/destroyers to the Allies in exchange for leasing/renting British naval bases anywhere in the world. America passed it because Britain was out of money meaning they couldn’t pay America up front (loophole for Neutrality Act)

Wendell Wilkie

Republican who ran against FDR in his third election

FDR’s campaign promise

neutrality - not sending troops to fight in a “foreign war” (in reality, he’s planning how US could get involved)

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Interventionist group created during WWII to spread pro-propaganda

America First Committee

Isolationist group created during WWII to spread anti-propaganda

(Lindenberg outspoken member)

German American Bund

Nazi organization that opening supported Hitler and his messages (parroting what Hitler says in Germany and say it in the US); says the New Deal should really be called the Jew Deal (conspiracy that all Jews work in finance and were trying to infiltrate American financial system)

Senate “Propaganda Hearings”

Hollywood film producers who happened to be Jewish – called into senate because they are being accused of brainwashing American people to get involved in WWII through their films. US government cannot penalize someone for this , so these hearings are reputation ruiners

The Wagner Rogers Bill

a piece of legislation that would have boosted immigration quotas in order to allow for the entry of 20,000 Jewish children who would have otherwise gone to Hitler’s concentration camps. This was not passed, however, by the congressional leaders in the US.

Atlantic Charter

Between US and Britain; finalizes war alliance, lay out what they see for the world after the war is over: Goals were- disavow territorial expansion, promise/guarantee they would work to protect human rights across the globe, ensured self determination – founding document and principles of the United Nations

Lend-Lease

Lend-Lease Act; Britain had naval bases in Greenland and Iceland soldiers there to protect it need those men to fight against Germany can’t abandon or Germany would take; US send soldiers there so Britain could use their soldiers to focus on fighting Hitler

the Reuben James

US ship sunk by German U-Boats (forgiven, don’t declare war); ground swell of support in America for the Allies (more people in favor of fighting w/Allies)

Lebensraum

One of Hitler’s three goals of Nazism; it meant he wanted to expand Germany into an empire

Charles De Gaulle

the leader of the French resistance movement

Poland

once Hitler invaded this nation, WWII began

Cash and Carry Policy

part of one of the Neutrality Acts that stated the US could trade with the Allies as long as they transported the goods and paid cash up front

Vichy France

the southern part of France was called this during German occupation

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

US responded to the first Japanese invasion with this; denied recognition of Japanese control

Spanish Civil War

this event is what officially brought Hitler and Mussolini together

Manchukuo

Japan later renamed their first conquest this

Sudentenland

Hitler received this land from Great Britain and France because he promised he would not take over anything else afterwards

Tripartite Pact

the official alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan

Nonaggression Pact

this was an agreement between Hitler and Stalin that promised neither would attack the other, and they would split Poland

Battle of Britain

Fought mostly in the skies above London

Munich Conference

a meeting between Germany, France, and Britain where they decided to give Germany the Sudetenland

Selective Training and Service Act

peacetime draft that FDR instituted during 1940

Atlantic Charter

Document that set the basis for the UN

Panay

this is a US naval ship that was sunk by the Japanese while it was trying to retrieve US citizens from China

Rome-Berlin Axis

the official alliance that brought together Hitler and Mussolini

Wagner-Rogers Bill

Bill that was never passed that would have allowed Jewish children to find refuge in America

Lend-Lease Act

the US would lend warships, ammunition and weapons to the Allies in exchange for naval bases across the globe

isolationists

those against war were called this

Ethiopia

this is the first place Mussolini looked to expand to

Manchuria

the first place that Japan invaded

Wilkie

the Repubican candidate who ran against Roosevelt during his bid for a third term

Hideki Tojo

Military dictator of Japan

Rhineland

Germany took over this area between France and Germany along the Rhine river; the German military was forbidden from all territories hear after WWI