AP HUMAN - ALL UNIT VOCAB

absolute location

Is the precise spot or something is according to a system

Cartographic Scale

refers to the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents

relative location

Is a description on for something is in relation to other things

geographic information system (GIS)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays Information from multiple digital maps or data sets.

place

Refers to the specific human and physical characteristics of a location

region

A group of places in the same area that Share a characteristic form a region

site

Can be described as the characteristics at the immediate location EX: the soil type, climate, labor force, and human structures

situation

Refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places

toponym

place name That provide insights into the physical geography, history, or culture of a location

time-space compression

Is the shrinking "time distance" or relative distance between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication

distance decay

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

human-environment interaction

The dual relationship between humans and the natural world

environmental determinism

The belief that landforms and climate are the most powerful sources shaping human behavior and societal development while ignoring the influence of culture

possibilism

A more modern interpretation that acknowledges the limitations imposed by the natural environment but focuses on the role of human culture to modify and respond to the environment to better fit human needs

formal region

this is a region defined by facts & can be proven that it exists. characteristics are same throughout this region

global positioning system (GPS)

a system that determines accurately the precise position of something on Earth through satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

location

Identifies with specific phenomena are located either on a grid system or relative to another location.

remote sensing

The use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites which orbit the earth above the atmosphere to collect digital images of the earth surface

Physical Geography

Is the study of the spatial characteristics of various elements of the physical environment.

Human Geography

Is the study of the spatial characteristics of humans and human activities.

sense of place

is where humans tend to perceive the characteristics of places in different ways based on their personal beliefs

friction of distance

Indicates that when things are further apart they tend to be less connected

field observation

The act of an individual physically visiting a location or place and recording firsthand information or places

space

Space is the area between two or more phenomenon or things

pattern

refer to the general arrangements of things.

built environment

physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape ex: buildings, roads, signs, and fences

cultural landscape

People with different cultures who live in different Physical landscapes will construct buildings, roads, and other elements to create a unique built environment

Sustainability

trying to use resources now in ways that allow their use in the future while minimalize and negative impacts on the environment

Reference Maps

They are designed for people to refer to for general information about places

land use

the ways in which people use a particular area of Earth's surface; for example, for farming, development, or preservation

choropleth map (thematic)

Use various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data

thematic map

show specific information about a place on a map

Dot Distribution Map

Are used to show the specific location and distribution of some thing across a map with dots

Isoline Map

uses lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space.

Cartogram (thematic)

The sizes of countries (states, counties, or other aerial units) are shown according to some specific statistics

graduated symbol map

You symbols of different sizes that indicate different amounts of something

topographic map

a map that shows the surface features of Earth And show elevation

small scale map

A map that shows a larger area without much detail

Functional region

Regions that are organized around a focal point which impacts the surrounding areas

Perceptual/vernacular region

regions based on opinions & differs from person to person

Global scale

Interactions occurring at the scale of the world, in a global setting.

World scale

used to measure or compare the level of something around the world

National scale

as viewed across the whole country

Regional scale

interactions occurring within a region

local scale

the level of geography that describes the space where an individual lives or works; a city, town, or rural area

Population distribution

the pattern of human settlement- the spread of people across the earth

Population density

a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area

Social stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power and or ethnicity

Arithmetic population density

the most commonly used population density and is calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area

Physiological population density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land

Arable land:

land suitable for growing crops

Agricultural population density:

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

Infrastructure:

facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities

Carrying Capacity:

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Population pyramids

a tool used to study populations, also known as age-sex composition graph

Birth deficit

the slowdown of births on population pyramid graphs

Baby boom:

a spike in birth rate

Baby bust:

when a spike in birth rates starts to decline we enter this stage

Echo:

birth bulge on a pyramid

Dependent population:

people under the age of 15 or over the age of 64

Dependency ratio:

the comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population

Crude birth rate

the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

Total fertility rate:

the average number of children who would be born per woman between the ages of 15-49

Life Expectancy

the average number of years people live

Infant Mortality Rate:

the number of children who die before their first birthday

Crude death rate:

the total number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

Rate of natural increase:

the percentage of which a country's population is growing or declining without the impact of migration

Population doubling time:

the amount of time it takes for a population to double

Malthusian theory:

an analysis between natural resource use, particularly agricultural output and the growing population that concluded that society was on a path toward massive starvation

Overpopulation:

when the world's population grows faster than the food production and ultimately becomes unsupportable

Neo- malthusians:

a group that argued that population growth is a serious problem currently and has an even greater threat for the future

Boserup theory:

suggests that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed. Also argued that population growth is a serious problem.

Antinatalist policies:

Government policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries

Pronatalist policies:

Government programs designed to increase the fertility rate

Migration:

the permanent or semi permanent relocation of people from one place to another

Push Factors:

the reasons that people migrate to a specific location, these are typically negative circumstances, events or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

Pull Factors:

once migrants decide to leave, they usually choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances

Emigrate:

when people migrate away from somewhere

Migration Transition Model:

created by Wilbur Zelinsky that argues that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding

Intervening Obstacles:

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

Intervening Opportunity

opportunities migrates might encounter en route that disrupt their original migration plan

Step Migration:

when migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

Counter migration:

when migration flows produce a movement in the opposite direction

Forced Migration:

migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move

Internally Displaced Persons

a term used to classify forced migrants who move to another part of the same country

Refugees:

a term used to classify forced migrants who move to across international borders

Asylum:

some political refugees apply for this when they arrive in their country of destination

Voluntary Migration

when people choose to relocate

Internal Migration:

movement of people within a country

Transnational Migration

when people move from one country to another or internationally, rather than internally

Chain Migration:

when people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country have previously settled which ultimately contributes to this type of migration

Transhumance:

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during difference seasons

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

Remittance:

money sent to migrants family and friends in the country they left

Brain Drain:

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

Ethnic Enclaves:

neighborhoods filled primary with people of the same ethnic group

culture

All of the groups learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects are a part of this

Cultural traits

Can be visible or invisible; visible examples are a groups actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape. Invisible examples are guiding people through shared beliefs systems, customs, and traditions.

Taboos

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

Traditional/folk culture

The beliefs and practices of small homogeneous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change. It also shares a function of passing down long-held beliefs, values, and practices.