bio final

From the point of view of an individual who is attempting to think critically and scientifically, the statement above should contain at least which of the following?

The time (date) when this statement was made.,

The medium in which this statement was made (oral presentation?  written publication?),

The name of the author of this statement,

The details of the context in which this statement was made (if the statement was made orally, where was it made? - If the statement was made in writing, where was it written (journal? Magazine? volume number?))

Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide?

Fructose

Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as

Hydrolysis

An uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion

False

The proteinaceous structures that assist in the proper folding of proteins inside of cells are called

chaperones

Urea is used in your body as a way to eliminate nitrogenous wastes.  Which of the following macromolecule(s) would you expect to contributes to the production of nitrogen-containing wastes? (click all that apply)

Nucleic acids

Proteins

Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose?

Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose

The recognizable subunit of a protein that performs a specific function and that can be composed of any combination of primary, secondary, and/or tertiary structures is called a

domain

The molecule represented above is Vitamin D2 .  Vitamin D2 is a hydrophobic molecule required to facilitate the absorbption of calcium in your digestive system.  Based on your knowledge of macromolecules and the information provided in this question, you would categorize vitamin D2 as a...

lipid

Based on the illustration above, lemon juice is approximately

10,000 times as acidic as urine

The amino group of an amino acid placed in a solution of baking soda would look like which of the following choices?

D

Based on the information we covered in class, you could say that the types of bonds found within a water molecule are called ***(ANSWER 1)*** bonds, whereas the types of bonds found between water molecules are called ***(ANSWER 2)*** bonds.

covalent hydrogen

Water has its highest density when it is in its

Liquid state

As you eat a hamburger (bean or meat patty + lettuce + tomato + mayonaise + bread), which of the following macromolecule(s) are you ingesting?

Proteins,

Lipids,

Nucleic acids,

Carbohydrates

Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?

A nucleotide

Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a beetle?

Chitin

The process through which albumin (egg white) changes changes conformation (as well as other physical, chemical, and functional properties) during cooking is called

denaturation

The molecule represented above is most likely a

disaccharide

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

4

DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component

True

The type of bonds that link nucleotides within a single strand of DNA (in the sugar-phosphate backbone) are called (ANSWER 1) bonds, whereas the bonds that link 2 strands of DNA together are called (ANSWER 2) bonds.

phosphodiester hydrogen

The atomic number of hydrogen is 1.  How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?

0

The functional group contained in the red circle above is called a

carboxyl

The molecules represented below are best described as...

Geometric isomers (or stereoisomers)

The molecule represented above is a(n)...

RNA nucleotide

3-dimensional assembly of a single polypeptide chain

tertiary structure

Assembly of 2 or more subunits into a functional protein

Quaternary structure

Hydrogen bonding within the polypetide sequence, leading to the formation of either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet

secondary structure

Linear sequence of amino acids ("beads on a string")

primary structure

A Gram positive bacterium would…

Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a modified ...

Nucleotide

Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be

acidic

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No

During the “firing” of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of

Facilitated diffusion

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by

Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction

Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that

Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase

If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement?

\n Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be

The same as in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be

Higher than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect oxygen consumption by the cell to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be

Lower than in a healthy cell

In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose?

2

In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by

lysosomes

In order for NAD+ to be reduced into NADH, NAD+ requires the addition of...

2 electrons and 1 proton

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?

mitochondria

In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately...

18-fold

Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a tennis ball.

less

The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between

\-5 and -100 millivolts

The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following?

ATP synthase

Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of chloride, as this system changes toward equilibrium?

There wouldn't be any net movement of chloride

Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of small hydrophobic molecules (SHM), as this system changes toward equilibrium?

Small hydrophobic molecules would move into the cell

Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of oxygen, as this system changes toward equilibrium?

Oxygen would move into the cell

Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of calcium, as this system changes toward equilibrium?

Calcium would move into the cell

  Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of water, as this system changes toward equilibrium?

Water would move out of the cell

The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)?

Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is

Both answers C and D are correct

The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as

\n Substrate-level phosphorylation

The plasma membrane is best described as:

A double layer of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, None of these answers is correct

The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as…

Gap junctions

Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells?

Answers a, b, and e are all correct

Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?

Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains

Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)?

Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme

Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?

Both answers a and b are correct

Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value?

b and d

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP?

All these answers are correct

Which of the following structures allows cells to “read” the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?

Integrin proteins

Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium?

A lysosome

You would be more likely to find this molecule in the cell membrane of...

Alaskan salmon's skin cell

The average weight of an Asian elephant is approximately 60 times larger than the average human weight.  Hence, you would expect the average elephant cell to be approximately 60 times larger than the average human cell.

False

The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is

\n Signal amplification and speed

In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?

Mitochondria

The interphase of the cell cycle comprises the following phases:

G1, S, and G2 only

Bacterial cells divide by mitosis

False

Which of the following is true about a diploid organism with a n=6 during the G1 phase of the cell cycle

It would have 12 linear chromosomes

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

True

For most cells, the longest phase of the cell cycle is

The G1 phase

In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called

A reducing agent

During mitosis, the protein complexes that anchor replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus are called...

kinetochore

Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from?

Cholesterol

In class, on Monday, we saw that the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein has the ability to restrain the E2F transcription factor.  An Rb protein that loses its ability to bind to the E2F transcription factor would automatically lead to an increase in cell proliferation.

True

The P53 protein has the ability to slow, or even temporary halt the cell cycle

True

Growth factors are typically

Paracrine signals

G protein-coupled receptors are generally found floating around in the cytoplasm of a cell

False

In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria?

Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP., The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them.

Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle

\n False

Which of the following is/are correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis

It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH, It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants

The *p53* gene that encodes for the P53 protein is classified as a

tumor suppressor genes

At the end of the G2 phase, a tetraploid cell with an n=5 has a total of _____ sister chromatids

40

How many checkpoints does a typical eukaryotic cell cycle have?

3

The electrons that enter the electron transport chain in thylakoid membranes come from

Water

In order to oxidize NADPH into NADP+, NADPH has to lose...

2 electrons and 1 proton

\n

Trees are sometimes called the “lungs” of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from

Photosystem 2

In GPCRs, an activated G protein phosphorylates a GDP to convert it into a GTP

False

The plant hormones that stimulate cellular proliferation and mediate phototropism are called...

auxins

A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that becomes constitutively active could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor

True

The membrane that forms at the end of telophase in plants to separate daughter cells is known as

a cell plate

The proteins that hold sister chromatids at the level of the centromeres at the end of the S phase of the cell cycle are called

cohesins

The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are

Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle

A nucleosome is composed of 5 loops of DNA wrapped around 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)

False