DRRR

Physical Perspective

affects physical infrastructural facilities, and agricultural productivity, and can lead to the loss of life

the factors that influence this are the magnitude of the disaster, the geography of the area affected, and the recovery efforts aimed at reducing the immediate effects of a disaster

Psychological Perspective

Disaster victims may experience PTSD and other mental health issues, which are often overlooked by authorities or victims themselves. Unpredictability of disasters makes them susceptible to stress, anxiety, and maladaptive reactions. The loss of a loved one also leads to insecurity.

Socio-Cultural Perspective

Filipinos are known for their resourcefulness, helpfulness, optimism, and prayerfulness, which were evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the National Health Emergency, Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ), many people lost their jobs, were stranded, and were restricted from returning to their homes. Despite limited resources and aids, these traits helped many Filipinos survive the pandemic. The culture of "malalampasan din natin" belief and "bahala na ang Diyos" syndrome gave hope to the marginalized sector, helping them to continue fighting against challenges.

Economic Perspective

Disasters significantly impact a community's economic condition by reducing local and international trade, causing partial or total transportation system paralysis, and resulting in loss of life, unemployment, property, household articles, crops, and public infrastructure.

Political Perspective

Governments play a crucial role in directing disaster preparedness, prevention, and recovery. Political effects of disasters are deeply linked to the political system of a country, as vulnerability to disasters is mediated by the political system. Trust in political institutions leads to credible risk assessments and acceptance of hazard policies. Low trust in public institutions may result in citizens disregarding government recommendations and not taking necessary measures.

Biological Perspective

Biological disasters, caused by prevalent diseases or viruses, can disrupt populations within a community or region, causing widespread suffering. Examples include the COVID-19 pandemic, which infected millions and caused thousands of deaths. Health precautions, such as physical distancing, handwashing, mask wearing, and immune system boosters, can help reduce the effects of biological disasters.

Hazards

can only be considered disasters once they have affected humans

is a dangerous situation or event that carries a threat to humans

Displaced Populations

When countries are ravaged by disasters people need to abandon their homes and seek shelter in other places; large influxes of refugees disrupt the accessibility of healthcare, food supplies, education and many others.

Health Risks

waterborne diseases in floods can cause additional deaths even after the immediate danger has passed

Food Scarcity

natural disasters can destroy crops, agricultural supplies, and major roads, causing food scarcity

Emotional Aftershocks

disasters can be traumatic for people especially young children. Victims can develop PTSD.

Disaster Preparedness Cycle

Risk Factors

are processes or conditions that influence the level of disaster risk by affecting levels of exposure and vulnerability

Severity of exposure

those who experience disaster firsthand has the highest risk of developing future mental problems

Gender and Family

• Females suffer more adverse effects

• Presence of children at home worsens the effects

• Marital relationships are strained

Age

• Adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed

• Children exhibit more stress than adults

Economic status of the country

• Severe mental problems are more prevalent in developing countries

• Natural disasters have more adverse effects in developing countries

Climate Change

• Alters the frequency and intensity of hazard events

• Affects vulnerability to hazards

• Changes exposure patterns

• Caused by human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere

Environmental Degradation

• Influences the frequency and intensity of hazards

• Affects exposure and vulnerability to hazards

• Reduces the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs

• Results in increased risk from disasters

Globalized Economic Development

• Increases polarization between the rich and poor

• Increases exposure of assets in hazard-prone areas

• Provides an opportunity to build resilience if effectively managed

Poverty and Inequality

• Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard-exposed areas

• Less able to invest in risk-reducing measures

• Lack of access to insurance and social protection

• Drives people into further poverty

Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development

• Increased concentration of people in cities causes more disaster risk

• Urbanization leads to population density increase that leads to the creation of risk

Weak Governance

• public sector actors are usually unable or unwilling to assume their roles and responsibilities in citizen welfare

• weak governance = more disaster risk

Factors contributing to worse outcomes for survivors

• Background and recovery

• Not functioning well before the disaster

• No experience dealing with disasters

• Dealing with other stressors after the disaster

• Low self-esteem

• Feeling uncared for by others

• Perceived lack of control

• Unable to manage stress

• Additional factors: death of someone close, injury, life threat, separation from family, massive loss of property, displacement

Basic Concept of Disaster

The fundamental ideas and principles related to disasters, including their causes, effects, and ways to mitigate and respond to them.

Pacific Ring of Fire

Also called the Circum-Pacific belt, the zone of earthquakes surrounding the Pacific Ocean where about 99% of the world's earthquake occurs.

Risk

The potential disaster losses in lives, health statuses, livelihoods, assets, and services, which could occur in a particular community or a society over some specified future time period.

Natural hazards

Examples include fault lines and mining sites.

arise from natural processes in the environment.

e.g. earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, volcanic eruptions and floods

Exposure

Involves the identification and mapping of the elements at risk and the assessment of people, animals, and plants that may be affected.

Risk assessment

Involves the identification and mapping of the elements at risk and the assessment of people, animals, and plants that may be affected.

Disaster risk

The potential for a disaster to occur, determined by the presence of hazards, vulnerability, and insufficient capacity to cope with the consequences.

Hazard

A natural or man-made event or phenomenon that has the potential to cause harm or damage.

Coping capacity

The ability of a community or society to respond and recover from a disaster using its own resources.

Exposure

• The degree to which a population or community is subjected to a hazard.

• Is the presence of elements at risk or chance of being harmed from a natural or man-made hazard event.

Environmental degradation

The deterioration of the natural environment due to human activities or natural disasters.

Widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts

The extensive negative consequences of a disaster, including loss of life, injury, damage to properties, economic disruptions, and environmental degradation.

Technological/industrial disasters

Disasters caused by unregulated industrialization and inadequate safety standards, such as leaks of hazardous materials, accidental explosions, bridge or road collapses, or vehicle collisions.

Terrorism/Violence

Disasters caused by terrorism or violence, such as bombs or explosions, release of chemical materials, release of biological agents, release of radioactive agents, multiple or massive shootings, and mutinies.

Complex humanitarian emergencies

Disasters resulting from international or civil wars, leading to displacement of people, disruption of basic infrastructure, and lack of access to assistance.

Natural Disaster

A catastrophic event caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or floods.

Man-made Disaster

A catastrophic event caused by human activities, such as industrial accidents, terrorist attacks, or war conflicts.

Economic impact

The effect of a disaster on the economy, including damage to infrastructure, loss of productivity, and increased costs.

Social and political impact

The effect of a disaster on society and the political landscape, including changes in social dynamics, government response, and public opinion.

Damage to critical facilities

The destruction or impairment of essential infrastructure and facilities, such as hospitals, power plants, and communication networks, during a disaster.

Disruption of transportation

The interruption or obstruction of transportation systems, such as roads, bridges, and airports, due to a disaster, making it difficult for rescue and emergency operations.

Post-traumatic stress syndrome

A mental health condition that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, such as a disaster, characterized by symptoms like anxiety, flashbacks, and nightmares.

Vulnerability

• a state of being at risk

• the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or resource that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

Population density

• refers to the number of individuals living in an area in relation to the size of an area.

• If population density is high, it means that the number of individuals is high but the space is very small. In that case, if fire broke in that area, there is little space for the population to escape quickly and easily. So, crowded communities have higher vulnerability to hazards.

Population

refers to the number of individuals inhabiting in a particular space at the same time. If people are well distributed, there is lesser effect of disaster.

Capacity and efficiency

1. Community that is less vulnerable has the capacity to reduce disaster risk because;

• It can provide accessibility and availability of services and facilities during and after disaster.

• It has the ability to anticipate, adapt, and respond to possible disaster.

Physical vulnerability

includes population density levels, place of a settlement, the site design, and materials used for infrastructure and housing.

Social vulnerability

happens due to inability of people, organization, and societies to prevent severe effects from hazards because of the expected behavior in social interactions, institutions, and system of cultural values.

economic vulnerability

• is based on the economic status of individuals, communities, and nations.

• The poorer the country, the more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the funds or budgets to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place which protect them from being affected by disasters.

Environmental vulnerability

is caused by natural resources depletion and destruction. Organisms like humans, animals, and plants are all dependent on the environment for survival.

Disaster mitigation measures

are those that eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of hazards by means of proactive measures taken before an emergency or disaster takes place.

Mitigation

is the action of reducing something's severity, seriousness, or painfulness.

Quasi-natural hazards

arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities

e.g. pollution or desertification, smog and fog

Technological hazards

These arise directly as a result of human activities.

e.g. accidental release of chemicals, toxic and pesticides to floral and fauna

Physical impact

• Physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds, bruises)

• Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transportation system, roads, bridges, power lines and communication lines.

• Wide spread destruction of housing and buildings

Psychological impact

• Grief and psychological illness

• Marital conflict

• Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties

• Chronic anxiety

Socio-cultural impact

• Displacement of population

• Loss of cultural identity

• Forced of adoption of new sets of culture

• Ethnic conflicts

Economic impact

• Loss of job due to displacement

• Loss of harvest and livestock

• Loss of farms, fish cages and other source of food

• Loss of money and other valuables

Environmental impact

• Loss of forest due to forest fires

• Loss of fresh water due to salination

• Disturbance of biodiversity

• Loss of natural rivers

Biological impact

• Epidemic to people, flora and fauna

• Chronic and permanent illness caused by biological agents

• Proliferation of different viral diseases

Hazard identification

is the process of determining all physical and nonphysical agents in the workplace or specific environment.

Risk assessment

is a way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by taking into consideration the probability and severity of impact.

Observation

Hazard Identification; use your senses of sight, hearing, smell and touch - combined with knowledge and experience.

Material Safety Data Sheets

Hazard Identification; (MSDSs) obtain them from manufacturers and suppliers. It gives information on possible harm from hazardous substances and precautions that need to be taken.

Hazard and risk surveys

Hazard Identification; interview other people about their safety concerns as far as the workplace is concerned. Utmost consideration should be given to children or visitors who could be at risk.

Discussion groups

Hazard Identification; are useful for identifying hazards and recommending solutions.

Safety audits

Hazard Identification; a committee must be assigned to periodically check safety in the area.

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Steps (4)

1. Identify the hazards

2. Assess the Risk

3. Make the changes

4. Checking the changes made

Strain

When a rock is subjected to increasing stress it changes its shape, size or volume. Such a change in shape, size or volume is referred to as _________

Stress

stress is a force applied over an area

Uniform Stress

Type of stress where the forces act equally from all directions

Pressure

is a uniform stress and is referred and is also called confining stress or hydrostatic stress

Differential Stress

stress is not equal from all directions

Tensional stress

stress which stretches rock; type of differential stress

Compressional stress

type of differential stress which squeezes rock

Shear stress

type of differential stress which result in slippage and translation

Elastic Deformation

wherein the strain is reversible.

Ductile Deformation

wherein the strain is irreversible.

Fracture

irreversible strain wherein the material breaks.

Brittle Materials

materials that have a small to large region of elastic behavior, but only a small region of ductile behavior before they fracture.

Ductile materials

materials that have a small region of elastic behavior and a large region of ductile behavior before they fracture.

Factors that affect how a material behaves under stress and strain

• Temperature

• Confining Pressure

• Strain rate

• Composition

Dip Slip Faults

are faults that have an inclined fault plane and along which the relative displacement or offset has occurred along the dip direction.

Normal Faults

are faults that result from horizontal extensional stresses in brittle rocks and where the hanging-wall block has moved down relative to the footwall block.

Reverse Faults

are faults that result from horizontal compressional stresses in brittle rocks, where the hanging-wall block has moved up relative the footwall block.

Thrust Fault

is a special case of a reverse fault where the dip of the fault is less than 45^o

Strike Slip Faults

are faults where the displacement on the fault has taken place along a horizontal direction. Such faults result from shear stresses acting in the crust.

Oblique Slip Faults

If the displacement has both a vertical component and a horizontal component (i.e. a combination of dip slip and strike slip) it is called an oblique slip fault.

Blind Faults

is one that does not break the surface of the earth. Instead, rocks above the fault have behaved in ductile fashion and folded over the tip of the fault.

Active Faults

is one that has shown recent displacement and likely has the potential to produce earthquakes

Elastic Rebound Theory

suggests that if slippage along a fault is hindered such that elastic strain energy builds up in the deforming rocks on either side of the fault, when the slippage does occur, the energy released causes an earthquake.

Stick Slip

faults move in spurts and this behavior is referred to as

Fault Creep

Some faults or parts of faults move continuously without generating earthquakes. This could occur if there is little friction on the fault and tectonic stresses are large enough to move the blocks in opposite directions.

Focus

• The point within the earth where the fault rupture starts

• This is the exact location within the earth were seismic waves are generated by sudden release of stored elastic energy.

Epicenter

is the point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus. Sometimes the media get these two terms confused.

Body Waves

emanate from the focus and travel in all directions through the body of the Earth.