Honors Anatomy Ch. 2 Quiz

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Mass

The amount of material in an object; always constant

Weight

Varies with gravity

Energy

The capacity to do work (put matter into motion); no mass or space

Potential energy

Stored energy (battery)

Kinetic energy

Energy in action

Chemical energy

Potential is stored in forms of bonds between atoms and molecules. Break bonds--release energy, make bond--consume energy

Electrical energy

Movement of charged particles, eg. ions move across membranes

Mechanical energy

Energy that directly moves matter

Radiant (electromagnetic) energy

Energy that travels in waves, such as light detected by eye

Elements

Unique substances that can't be broken down any smaller

Atoms

The building blocks of elements

Atomic structure

Atoms are composed of even smaller particles

Nucleus

Located in center of atom, protons and neutrons

Protons

Positively charged particles

Neutrons

No charge, neutral

Electrons

Negatively charged particles

Underlying principle of chemistry

Opposite charges attract

Ion

a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)

Molecule

Combination of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bond. May be same element or compound of elements

Compound

Combination of 2 or more DIFFERENT atoms held by chemical bond

Mixtures

2 or more components physically mixed together; atoms and molecules don't change as there is no chemical bonding. Can separate out the components.

Types of mixtures

Solutions, colloids, suspensions

Solutions

Homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components, does not scatter light

Solvent

Substance in greatest quantity in a solution

Solute

Substance present in lesser amount in solution

Colloids

Heterogeneous mixtures that appear milky and scatter light

Suspensions

Heterogenous mixtures with particles large enough to settle out if given time. Eg. Sand and water, RBCs.

Mixture v compound

Chemical bonding in compound, not in mixture

Electron shells

The space that electrons occupy

Valence shell

Outermost shell of electrons

Octet rule

Atoms, except hydrogen, want 8 electrons in valence shell

3 types of chemical bonds

Ionic Covalent Hydrogen

Ionic bonds

Occur by the transferring of electrons

Anion

Gains electron, negative charge

Cation

Loses electron, positive charge

Covalent bonds

Occur by sharing electron pairs. Single, double, triple, polar and nonpolar

Non polar compounds

Electrically balanced, co2

Polar compounds

Due to unequal electron sharing,H2O

Chemical equations

Occur when forming or breaking chemical bonds

Reactants

Substances entering reactions

Synthesis reaction

2 small reactants create chemical bonds to form a larger molecule, A + B --) AB

Decomposition reaction

Large reactant breaks bonds to form smaller products, AB --) A + B

Exchange reaction

Decomposition and synthesis. AB + CD --) AD + BC

Oxidation-Reduction

Combination of decomposition and exchange rxns. ELECTRON DONOR IS OXIDIZED BY LOSING AN ELECTRON. Electron acceptor is reduced.

Endergonic reaction

Synthesis rxn, absorbs E

Exergonic reaction

Decomposition rxn, releases E

Factors influencing chemical rxn rates

Temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysts

Catalysts

Increase rate of reaction, but are not consumed.

Inorganic compounds

Lack carbon, except CO2 and CO. Prime inO compounds for life: H2O, Salts, acids/bases

Special characteristics of water

High heat capacity High heat of vaporization Polar/solvent properties Reactivity Cushioning

The high heat capacity of water allows it to do what?

Gives off or takes on much heat before changing temperature

The high heat vaporization of water allows what in the body?

Sweating.

The polar/solvent properties of water allow what?

Can dissolve polar and charged substances, but separate from nonpolar substances.

How does water contribute to reactivity?

Water participates in chemical rxns as a reactant to help break covalent bonds.

How does water provide cushioning?

In the CSF

Examples of salts and what they are

are ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water Separate into cations (positively charged molecules) and anions (negatively charged)

Na+, Ca+, K+, Cl-

Acid

Proton donor, or H+ ion donor, 0-7 pH. Acids release H+ HCl --- H+ + Cl-

Base

Proton acceptor, 7-14 pH. Bases take up H+ NaOH-- Na+ + OH-

NH3 + H+ --> NH4+

Ammonia becomes basic Ammonium ion

pH

Measure of the proton/hydrogen ion concentration in solution The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic that solution is pH is negative logarithm of [H+] in moles per liter that ranges from 0-14 pH scale is logarithmic, so each pH unit represents a 10-fold difference Example: a pH 5 solution is 10 times more acidic than a pH 6 solution

Neutralization

HCl + NaOH ---> NaCl + HOH (pH2) (pH12)

Organic compounds

All contain carbon

Carbohydrates

CH2O, sugars and starches, cellular fuel that dissolves readily in water. Carbohydrates (CHO) Source of cellular fuel Mono, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, galactose--simple sugars that are the building blocks of carbs.

Disaccharides

double sugar, joined by covalent bond through dehydration synthesis Glucose + fructose --> sucrose

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Polysaccharides

long chains of simple sugars such as starch

Starch

glucose polymer

lipids

Organics that do not dissolve in water due to nonpolarity

Triglycerides

neutral fats; no charge meaning it won't dissolve in water. most efficient fuel source

Glycerol + Fatty acid

triglyceride

Saturated fat

no double bonds between carbons; harder to metabolize as little access to break carbon bonds

Unsaturated fat

double bonds between carbons, easier to metabolize due to easier access to carbons with more H's out of the way

Polyunsaturated

many C=C bonds, usually every other C group.

More C=C bonds

increases liquidity

Order of metabolism

Glucose Glycogen Polyunsaturated fats Monounsaturated fats Saturated fats

Phospholipids

phosphate group replaces one fatty acid and is able to spin around out of alignment with other 2 fatty acid chains, creating a polar, hydrophilic head and nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.

Steroids

Based on or built from cholesterol. Ex: testosterone, aldosterone, and cell membrane components

Proteins

A long chain of aa connected by peptide covalent bond. Organic molecules that contain C, H, O plus NITROGEN; the "words" built by aa "letters". Contain and nitrogen an sulfur. "large molecules"

Amino acids

building blocks for proteins, contain NITROGEN; the "letters" that build protein "words"

Glycine

simplest amino acid

Peptide bond

covalent bond between amino acids; strong bond

Dehydration synthesis

the acid group of one aa is bonded to the amine group of the next, with the loss of a water molecule, consuming E through an endergonic reaction

Hydrolysis

a reaction in which water is added to a molecule thus effecting its decomposition. Peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when water is ADDED to the bond, releasing E through a exergonic reaction

Primary structure

the linear sequence of aa, not subject to heat

Secondary structure

the primary structure of aa twists on itself due to H-bonds; subject to heat

Alpha helix

2* protein structure like a slinky toy, curls

Beta pleated sheet

2* protein structure like pleated ribbon

Tertiary structure

secondary structure folds on itself due to H-bonds; acts differently

Quarternary structure

two or more polypeptides joined by either H or covalent bonds, subject to denaturation

Fibrous proteins

structural proteins such as COLLAGEN and ELASTIN Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable Most have tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D) Provide mechanical support and tensile strength

Globular proteins

functional proteins such as ANTIBODIES, HORMONES, and ENZYMES Compact, spherical, water-soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes Tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D) Specific functional regions (active sites)

Antibodies

immunity; tag or label foreign substances for other immune cells to attack

Hormones

chemical messengers that bring instruction from one area of the body to another for processes that are usually slow and ongoing, with a need for relative stability. Affect the CNS.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up rxns about 1 million x. Carbonic anhydrase globular proteins that act as biological catalysts Catalysts regulate and increase speed of chemical reactions without getting used up in the process Lower the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction Leads to an increase in the speed of a reaction Allows for millions of reactions per minute!

Protein denaturation

Acid or heat (usually) will break H-bonds, causing structure to fall apart. Affects 2-4* structures.

Enzymes and protein denaturation

Enzyme very specific to protein, if structure changes enzyme cannot fit.

Enzymes are always....

a protein.

Enzyme names

end in "ase"