SHLS 2000 Exam 1 Vocab

Impairment/Disorder

loss/abnormality of psychological, physiological structure or function

Phonatory Voice Disorders

abnormality in the vocal folds

Sequential Bilingualism

learn first language and then learn 2nd as an adult/in school

Code Switching

response to situations and listeners

Basilar Membrane

separates scala media and scala tympani, moves in waves, tonotopic (high frequencies = base vibrates, low frequencies = apex vibrates)

Air Conduction Pathway

outer, inner, middle ear (typical idea of hearing)

Receiver

receives message from transmitter

Bilingual-Bicultural Philosophy

recognizes that ASL and English are 2 separate languages to be learned

Speech/Sound Disorders (articulation/phonological)

affects the pronunciation of words

Resonance Voice Disorders

problems closing the opening between the nose and the mouth during speech

Language Delay

late talker (typically will catch up)

Developmental Language Disorder

can't put words together (interferes with socialization + education)

Hearing Disorder

deficiency in detecting sounds

Speech Language Hearing Scientists

work in lab, do research on disorders/treatments

Audiologists

work with people with hearing disorders (rehab, treatment, etc.)

ASHA

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

ABA

American Board of Audiology

Disability

reduced competence in meeting daily living needs

Handicap

a social, educational, or occupational disadvantage, due to impairment or disability

Congenital

present at birth

acquired

result from a type of brain trauma

Organic

has a physical, identifiable cause

Functional

no physical cause

Fluency Disorders

unusual interruption in the flow of speaking (ex. stutter)

Speech Language Pathologists (SLP)

assess and treat a variety of disorders, can prescribe meds on their own, work in all different settings

Communication

any exchange of meeting between a sender and receiver

Language

standardized set of symbols and knowledge about how to combine those symbols into words/sentences for ideas

Speech

form of language that is vocalized

Phonemes

sounds of a language that can change meaning

Allophones

phonetic differences (different pronunciation) of the same phoneme

Minimal Pairs

words that only vary by one phoneme/sound

Syllable

unit of speech

Prosody

rhythmic pattern of speech (pitch, loudness, duration)

Lexicon

vocabulary/mental dictionary

Phonology

structure, distribution, and sequence of speech-sounds

Morphology

internal organization of words

Internal Morphemes

can stand alone as a word

Bound Morpheme

grammatical tags

Syntax

how language is organized grammatically

Pragmatics

how language is learned in a context

Culture

a set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a group of people

Socialization

process of learning how to interact with others within your culture

Acculturation

process of learning and adapting to a different culture

Cultural Mismatch

occurs when children from nonmainstream cultures enter public schools

Dialect

variation of a language that is understood by all speakers of a language (ex. accents) due to social and geographical patterns

Accents

variations of tone (inflection), phonology, and prosody

Bilingual

individual who speaks and understands 2 languages (very proficient in both)

Elective Bilingualism

choose to study the language and possibly to live where that language is spoken

Circumstantial Bilingualism

after immigration, one must learn 2nd language to function

Simultaneous Bilingualism

learning 2 languages at the same time (bilingual household)

Continuum of Proficiency

task dependent

Waveform

how movement of an object/sound waves can be shown visually

Simple Waves

vibrate at a single frequency (pure-tone)

Complex Waves

vibrations with 2+ frequencies (almost all sounds)

Peripheral Auditory System

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear (sensory information)

Outer Ear

funnels in sound (pinna and ear canal)

Pinna

visible flap of cartilage attached to the head - captures sound from environment

External Auditory Meatus

EAM - conducts sound waves inward

Middle Ear

amplifies sound (ear drum, ossicles, eustachian tube)

Tympanic Membrane

ear drum, separates outer and middle ear, converts acoustic wave to mechanical wave

Ossicles

bones in the ear: malleus, incus, stapes - move in response to tympanic membrane vibrating

Eustachian Tube

connected to nose/throat - helps equalize pressure in middle ear (pops)

Inner Ear

turns sound into electrical impulses, contained in temporal lobe (cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals)

Cochlea

spiral shaped tube filled with fluid that gets displaced by movement of ossicles

Scala Vestibuli

section of cochlea, filled with perilymph

Scala Media

section of cochlea, filled with endolymph, where basilar membrane and organ of corti is located

Scala Tympani

section of cochlea, filled with perilymph

Organ of Corti

has hair cells that cause depolarization to convert mechanical energy to electric energy

Central Auditory System

auditory nerve, auditory cortex in temporal lobe of brain

Bone Conduction Pathway

just inner ear (ex. hearing your own voice)

Pure Tones

simple 1 frequency sounds

Threshold of Audibility

the level at which a patient can detect the signal at least 50% of the time (both air and bone conduction is tested)

Hearing Loss

a disorder in outer/middle/inner ear, auditory nerve, or central auditory pathways (can be unilateral or bilateral)

Conductive Hearing Loss

occurs in outer or middle ear, sound waves are prevented/blocked, examined by otoscopy

Microtia

no/very small pinna

Atresia

no ear canal

Otitis Media

middle ear infection

Exostoses

growths in the ear canal

Cholesteatoma

growths in middle ear space

Tympanic Membrane Perforation

hole in ear drum

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

occurs in inner ear, auditory nerve, or central auditory pathways

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

is substantial and often unrecognized due to excessive noise exposure

Mixed Hearing Loss

occurs in outer/middle ear AND inner ear/nervous system (both components)

Speech Audiometry

testing speech and listening (can they hear speech?)

Spondees

words with 2 syllables that are equally stressed (hotdog, cupcake)

Word Recognition Score (WRS)

measures how well speech can be discriminated when it is audible

Tympanometry

measures inner ear status - uses probe with speaker, microphone, and pump

Acoustic Reflex Threshold

measures contraction of middle ear muscles

Otosclerosis

stiffness of ossicles

Auditory Evoked Response

objective tests, measures response from auditory system

Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)

tests newborns/children, can help fit babies for hearing aides

Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE)

measures response created from outer hair cells of the cochlea, assess function of cochlea/inner ear

Audiological Rehabilitation (AR)

for adults who need to modify communication skills due to acquired hearing loss

Habilitation

children who are listening and learning to use speech + language skills for the first time

Hearing Aides

used for mild/moderate/severe sensorineural hearing loss or conductive/mixed hearing loss - increases the intensity of sound

4 Components of Hearing Aide

microphone, amplifier, receiver, battery

Microphone

picks up sound from environment

Amplifier

makes sound louder

Receiver

'speaker' - outputs sound

Battery

powers device