AP Psych- Development

Prenatal

The 9 months before birth

Germinal Stage

The first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception.

Conception

When a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

Zygote

The fertilized egg

Monozygotic Twins / Identical Twins

Formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo. They grow into two babies with the same DNA.

Dizygotic Twins / Fraternal Twins

Two babies born at the same time. They come from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm cells. They do not have the same DNA.

Embryonic Stage

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month.

Embryo

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Fetal Stage

The third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth.

Fetus

In humans, the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth.

Prenatal Care

Medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus

Teratogen

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Newborn Reflexes

Inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with (ex: rooting, sucking, grasping, moro reflex (startle), Babinski)

Rooting

A reflex in which a newborn turns its head in response to a gentle stimulus on its cheek

Startle / Moro Reflex

A series of movements in which an infant flings out the arms, fans the fingers, and arches the back in response to a sudden noise or being laid down on its back.

Tonic Neck / Fencing Reflex

Turning an infant's head to one side quickly causes the baby to extend the arm and leg on that side and flex the other side.

Bibinski Reflex

When a baby's foot is stroked from heal to toes, the baby will spread their toes.

Lifting head, Rolling over, Sitting up with support, Sitting up without Support, Crawling, Walking

Stages of Infant Motor Development

Gross Motor Skills

Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping

Fine Motor Skills

Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and using a fork.

Adolescence

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence (teenage years)

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Adrenarche

Maturing of the adrenal glands, causes the start of puberty

Gonadarche

Maturing of the sex glands.

\-Secondary sexual characteristics develop.

\-Breasts and hips in girls.

\-Facial hair and deepened voice in boys.

Primary Sexual Charactersistics

Characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction

(ex: ovaries, testes, and external genitalia)

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Bodily structures that change with sexual maturity but are not directly related to reproduction.

(ex: growth of public hair and facial hair, and voice deepening)

Menarche

The first menstrual period

Spermarche

First ejaculation

Emerging Adulthood

The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age

Failure to Launch Syndrome

When people do not transition out of adolescence into young adulthood.

Middle Adulthood

40-65 years. The focus is on raising a family, success at work and contributing to society.

Late Adulthood / Old Age

Ages 60-79; The stage in which one experiences a decrease in speed and power, loss of flexibility, and lowing mental capacity

Dementia

A slow, progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes

Alzheimer's Disease

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder, often with an onset after age 80, characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning. It is connected to a decrease in myelin covering the axons of neurons.

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Theory that states as adults get older, they start to prioritize having a smaller social network filled with people they're close with instead of a big social network with people who are not as close

Hospice

Medical care for people who are dying. The focus is on comfort and having positive interactions with family instead of treating illness.

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

Psychologist who theorized the terminally ill progress through sequence of: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance (5 stages of grief)

Denial

Anger

Bargaining

Depression

Acceptance

Denial

First stage of death/grief

Anger

Second stage of death/grief

Bargaining

Third stage of death/grief

Depression

Fourth stage of death/grief

Acceptance

Fifth stage of death/grief

Sex (male, female, intersex)

The biological differences that distinguish males from females

X Chromosome

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two and males have one.

Y Chromosome

The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Androgyny

Displaying both traditional masculine and feminine personality traits.

Intersex

Having both male and female physical organs.

Transexual

A person who identifies with the other sex and who seeks to transition to the other sex by means of hormone treatment and sex-reassignment surgery

Sexism

The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

Sex Discrimination

Any action that benefits men or women over the other sex.

Transitioning

The process of changing genders

Gender

The psychological (mental) aspects of being male or female. These are learned and are based on one's culture.

Gender Typing

The process of learning the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender.

Gender Role

A set of expected behaviors for males and females

(ex: Men are expected to be strong and not emotional; Women are expected to be emotion-based and gentle)

Gender Expression

The way in which a person expresses their gender identity, typically through their appearance, dress, and behavior.

Gender Stereotyping

Generalizations based on oversimplified ideas about gender roles.

Gender Identity

A person's sense of being male or female

Cisgender

Term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

Heteronormative

The idea that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation.

Gender Non-Conforming

A term for individuals whose gender expression is different from societal expectations related to gender.

Genderqueer

A term applied to individuals who do not identify with being female or male; also could describe individuals who identify with being both

Queer

Sexual identities and behaviors that go beyond traditional sex and gender labels, roles, and expectations

Gender Fluid

Denoting or relating to a person who does not identify themselves as having a fixed gender. (people who change genders and aren't set on one)

Transgender

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

Sexual Orientation

A person's sexual attraction preference for members of a particular sex.

Asexual / Ace

Having no sexual attraction to others

Bisexual / Pansexual

Attracting to people of all sexes and gender identities

Straight

Bing attracted to the opposite sex

(men

Lesbian

A female homosexual

Gay

A male homosexual

Questioning / Bicurious

An individual who is unsure of their sexual orientation

Jean Piaget

Psychologists who developed the four stage theory of cognitive development.

Assimilation

Piaget's idea that we use use existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Ex: A child seeing a deliver truck for the first time and understanding that it is another kind of truck.

Accommodation

Piaget's idea that we adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. Ex: A child seeing a Great Dane for the first time and learning that dogs and be big and small.

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Operational

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Operational

Formal Operational

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Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.

(ex: if someone walks in front of something, you know that the things behind that person still exist)

Stranger Anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Preoperational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Egocentrism

In Piaget's theory, the child's difficulty to see things from another person's point of view.

Concrete Operational Stage

Tn Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Conservation

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. Ex: A child knows that water in a skinny cup is the same amount if poured into a wide cup.

Reversibility

The ability of children to know that things can change and be changed back.

Formal Operational Stage

In Piaget's theory, the last stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Lev Vygotsky

Psychologist famous for social development theory. He investigated how culture affects development. Also developed the idea of the zone of proximal development.

Sociocultural Theory

Vygotsky's theory of how social interactions between members of a culture and the child's surroundings affect children's development.

Zone of Proximal Development

The range between a child's current level of knowledge and their potential level of knowledge that they can reach if they receive guidance.

Psychosexual Stages

Freud's childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Oral Stage

Freud's first psychosexual stage (0-18 months) in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth \-- sucking, biting, chewing.

Anal Stage

(18-36 months) Freud's second psychosexual stage during which a child learns to control his bodily excretions.

Phallic Stage

Freud's third psychosexual stage of development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals.

Latent Stage

Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development from about age 6 to puberty during which children develop gender roles.

Genital Stage

Freud's last stage of psychosexual development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood.

Fixation

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. (Ex: "That person is so anal!")

Erik Erikson

Psychologists who developed the 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development.

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-18 years)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood: 19-mid 20s)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-Absorbtion (middle age: late 20s-50s)
8. Integrity vs. Dispair (old age: 60s and beyond)

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Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Erikson's second stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive