History Exam

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

2010 legislation aimed at reducing the number of uninsured individuals and decreasing health care costs

Hurricane Katrina

Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and in is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Scottosboro Boys

* black boys and young men ranging in age from 13-21
* were convicted of raping two white women while riding a freight train
* all were sentenced to death
* injustice of the case sparked protests throughout the world
* prompted two important rulings in cases Powell v. Alabama and Norris v. Alabama

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Okies

the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

Smooth-Hawley Tariff

1930 US set the highest tariff rates in history in an attempt to protect American Industry but other nations also raised tariffs and it made the Depression worse.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere

Bloody Sunday/Selma

Name for the incident in March 1965 where AL troopers used force to turn back a march from Selma to the state capitol in Montgomery. It compelled President Johnson to call the AL National Guard to protect the marchers. 3 were killed.

1961 Bay of Pigs

failed invasion of Cuba by US

Freedom Summer

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Iran-Contra Affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Moral Majority

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

Persian Gulf Conflict

1990-1991 Reason - Iraq invades Kuwait to gain control of oil fields. Outcome - UN puts trade embargo against Iraq which hurts its economy.

Al Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

JFK New Frontier Program

stimulated economy, improved education, improves defense, civil rights, clean up slums

LBJ's Great Society

goals = elimination of poverty - failed because of vietnam war and radical injustic; new major spending programs - education and vietnam war; easier transportation; medical care

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

President Ford

Thirty-eighth president of the United States of America; 1974-1977; succeeded and pardoned Nixon; failed to establish strong leadership

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

George H.W. Bush

president during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Barrack Obama

44th Pres; 2008-2017; Democrat; 1st African-American Pres; Won Nobel Peace Prize in 2009; Global recession; Middle East disaster; First national health care (Affordable Care Act); US economy back on track; Sub-prime lending laws; Cut unemployment in half; Focused foreign policy on terrorism; Signed Asian Trade agreement;

Robert F. Kennedy

1925-1968

\*Served as Attorney General under Kennedy

\*Elected as senator from New York in 1964

\*Pushed for desegregation and election regulation

\*Presidential candidate in 1968

\*He was assassinated in California by Sirhan Sirhan in June 1968

Shirley Chisholm

1st African American woman elected to Congress (NY) and later made a bid for the Democratic nomination in the 1972 presidential campaign

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

John Collier

Commissioner of Indian Affairs

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Francis Perkins

Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member in U.S. history.

Sarah Palin

1st Female Republican Vice Presidential Candidate, McCain's running mate

Mark Zuckerberg

Founder of Facebook

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-2012)Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

Black Pride Movement

movement which encourages black people to celebrate African-American culture and embrace their African heritage.

Detente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Martian Luther King Jr.

an African American Baptist minister, and a key leader of the African American civil rights movement using nonviolent methods of protest in the 1950s and 1960s. He directed the Montgomery bus boycott, and also formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He helped lead the March on Washington. He was awarded the Noble Peace Prize, and was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Don Cornelius

Hosted TVs Soul Train

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers

Homeland Security

A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States and reduce the country's vulnerability to terrorism

United Nations

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Black Panthers

a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

PWA (Public Works Administration)

New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing public buildings

FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)

insured bank deposits up to $5,000

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

New Deal program which gave electricity and jobs to rural Appalachia, including AL

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

Black Cabinet

Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

How did Germany start WWII?

Germany invaded Poland

What caused the U.S. to enter WWII?

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Internment Camps

Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during World War II by order of the President.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Leapfrogging

Allied strategy in the Pacific to focus on less heavily defended islands

Code Talkers

Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

How did life change for American women during WWII?

led many women to take jobs in defense plants and factories around the country.

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Americanization

Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Kent State

Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles

When did Native Americans gain full U.S. citizenship?

1924

Who made up President Franklin D. Roosevelt's new Democratic coalition?

The coalition included labor unions, blue collar workers, racial and religious minorities (especially Jews, Catholics, and African-Americans), rural white Southerners, and intellectuals.

What was FDR's court packing plan and its effects?

FDR's plan to add Supreme Court justices that would vote yes to his legislation

2nd nation to become a nuclear power

Soviet Union/Russia

1st men to walk on the moon

Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin

Manifest Destiny

the phrase, coined by journalist John O'Sullivan, which came to stand for the idea that white Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle the American West with Protestant democratic values

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer's theory, based upon Charles Darwin's scientific theory, which held that society developed much like plant or animal life through a process of evolution in which the most fit and capable enjoyed the greatest material and social success

Progressivism Era

A broad movement between 1896-1916 led by white, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Gilded Age

The period in American history during which materialism, a quest for personal gain, and corruption dominated both politics and society

Niagara Movement

a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a "Declaration of Principles" that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans

Roosevelt Corollary

A statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the U.S. would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation threatening the stability of the region.

Open Door Notes

the circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be "open doors" in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the United States