chapter 11

Factor analysis

\_______ is a statistical procedure used by researchers to identify closely related clusters of variables.

a personality trait

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations is called

oral stage

A Freudian might explain a compulsive smoker's behavior as being the result of fixation at the

reaction formation

A man who has numerous reasons to hate his mother instead lavishes her with unrealistic amounts of attention and love. He is probably exhibiting the defense mechanism of

depression

A person who is moody, shy, pessimistic, and distressed is likely to score high on which of the following clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPl)?

introverted

A person who is occupied with his own thoughts and feelings, aloof, and contemplative exemplifies what Jung described as the \_______ type.

social introversion

A person who is shy, withdrawn, reserved, submissive, tense, and inflexible is likely to score high on which of the following clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

paranoia

A person who is suspicious, aloof, guarded, worrisome, and overly sensitive is likely to score high on which of the following clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

projective test

A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus such as a picture or an inkblot is called a

learning through observation and reinforcement

A social learning theorist would most likely explain the behavior of a spoiled brat in terms of which of the following?

have an inferiority complex

According to Alfred Adler, overcompensation may be found in those who

congruent with reality

According to Carl Rogers, if your self-concept is reasonably accurate, it is said to be

incongruent

According to Carl Rogers, people with highly self-concepts are especially likely to be plagued by recurrent anxiety.

threats to our self-concept

According to Carl Rogers, troublesome anxiety is caused by

either excessive gratification of excessive frustration of needs

According to Freud, a person may become fixated at a particular psychosexual stage because of

aggression

According to Freud, conflicts centering on which of the following impulses are especially likely to have far-reaching consequences?

id

According to Freud, the aspect of personality that is totally unconscious is the

toilet training

According to Freud, the crucial event during the anal stage of psychosexual development is

all of the above

According to Freud, the unconscious can reveal itself through

unconscious

According to Freud's theory, repressed sexual desires are most likely to be found in which level of awareness?

neuroticism

According to Han Eysenck, it involves being anxious, tense, moody, and low in self-esteem.

psychoticism

According to Han Eysenck, it involves being egocentric, impulsive, cold, and antisocial.

agreeableness

According to Han Eysenck, which of the following is not considered a higher-order trait?

be uncomfortable when alone or detached

According to Maslow's theory, the self-actualizing person would be least likely to

exhibit unconditional love towards the child

According to Rogers, for a child to develop a healthy personality the parents must

agreeableness

According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the ability to cooperate and collaborate with others, which is closely associated with which of the following Big Five personality traits?

conscientiousness

According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the tendency to be reliable and ethical, which is closely associated with which of the following Big Five personality traits?

"Environments shape humans and humans shape environments"

Albert Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism is best summarized as

low tolerance for stress

All but which of the following are characteristic of high sensation seekers?

be modest about their personal accomplishments

American parents are least likely to teach their children to

regression

As an adult, going back to an earlier way of gratifying needs defines

projection

Attributing one's own thoughts or motives to others defines

peak experiences

Awed by the grandeur of nature, the hiker experienced a profound emotional high. Maslow called such experiences

extraversion

Being sociable, assertive, active, and lively is associated with the higher-order trait of according to Eysenck.

sexuality

Both Carl Jung and Alfred Adler were especially critical of Freud's emphasis on

the failure to recognize the unique qualities of human behavior

Both the psychoanalytic and behavioral theories of behavior have been criticized for which of the following?

identification

Candice has just joined a sorority as a means of bolstering her self-esteem. Her behavior reflects the use of \_____ as a defense mechanism.

her id

Cari often has temper tantrums and pouts when she can't have her own way. She often behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if she can't have the things that she wants immediately. According to Freud's view of the personality, Cari's personality appears to be dominated by

all of these things

Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious includes

though self-deception

Defense mechanisms combat feelings of anxiety and guilt

begin to expand their social contacts beyond the immediate family

During the latency stage, children

fixation

Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called

reality principle; ego

Finding ways to meet instinctual needs and still take into account the conditions of the external, social world defines the \________ , the basic operating theme of the \________.

genetic factors contributed most to similarities

Findings from behavioral genetics research indicate that

they tend to be routinely frustrated

Freud ascribed great importance to sexual and aggressive impulses, mainly because

any pleasure-giving urge

Freud used the term "sexual" in his psychosexual stages of development to mean

personal unconscious

Freud's concept of the unconscious is most like Jung's

a high self-monitor

Gina is good at presenting herself to a group of persons, is able to detect if someone is trying to manipulate her, and has a difficult time making a genuine emotional commitment. Gina is most likely to be classified as

rationalization

Giving self-justifying plausible excuses that hide the real reasons for our behavior defines the defense mechanism known as

projection

Hal is fearful of men who are friendly toward him, convinced that they are all homosexuals attempting to seduce him. Should it be the case that Hal is himself a latent homosexual fearful of admitting this even to himself, we might conclude that he is using the defense mechanisms of repression and

an inferiority complex

Having exaggerated feeling of weakness and inadequacy is referred to as

his superego

Howard sets extremely high standards for both himself and others. He tends to be rigid and inflexible and rarely allows himself to enjoy life. Freud would probably conclude that Howard is dominated by

ego is to reality principle

Id is to pleasure principle as

safety and security

Imagine a neighborhood in which a hurricane has caused extensive flooding. Many of the residents have had their homes damaged or destroyed. At the time, however, the material loss is unimportant as the residents think only of escaping the flood. Maslow would say this is because the residents' needs are threatened.

observational learning

In explaining a person's aggressiveness, a social learning theorist would favor which of the following explanations?

archetypes

In Jung's theory, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning are called

physiological

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the needs are considered to be the most basic needs and the first priority.

sensation seeking

Jack is an adventuresome fellow who feels most alive when he is putting his life at risk. Marvin Zuckerman would say that Jack is high in

low in agreeableness

Janelle is suspicious and uncooperative. Her friends think she is a boastful person who is seldom sympathetic. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Janelle would probably score

consistency

Joan is an unfailingly polite person who always considers the feelings of others. This tendency to act in a similar manner across situations is indicative of which of the following qualities of personality?

reaction formation

John worries about his tendency toward abusing animals, so he joins the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. John's behavior can be viewed as an example of

high in conscientiousness

Julio is extremely dependable and productive, and his friends think he is great at organizing events. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Julio would probably score

low in extraversion

Marcos is very quiet and avoids large groups. Some people consider him unfriendly, and he seldom takes a stand or acts assertively. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Marcos would probably score

social desirability bias

One of the problems with self-report personality inventories is that respondents may answer questions in ways that make them look good. This tendency is called a

rely on family and friends

Parents in Asian cultures are most likely to teach their children to

extraversion

People who score high in \________ are characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive.

neuroticism

People who score high in \_________ tend to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable.

conscientiousness

People who score high in \_________ tend to be diligent, disciplined, well-organized, and punctual.

agreeableness

People who score high in \_________ tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest.

agreeableness

People who score low in \__________ tend to be suspicious, antagonistic, and aggressive.

id; ego

Primary process thinking is associated with the \________ and secondary process thinking is associated with the \________.

conscious thought patterns

Psychoanalytic theory stresses all of the following except

high in self-monitoring

Rather than having a few "best friends," Peter tends to select companions based on the event he plans to attend or the activity in which he plans to engage. Peter sounds as if he is

all of these things

Research findings indicate that feelings of greater self-efficacy are associated with which of the following?

learning

Research in the behavioral tradition has focused largely on which of the following?

50

Research on genes and personality indicates that the heritability estimates for personality traits are approximately percent.

shared family environment

Research on the heritability of personality shows that \_______ appears to have a surprisingly small impact on personality.

extravert

Roberto tends to focus on people and things around him and is outgoing, talkative, and friendly. Jung would refer to Roberto as an

ego

Sarah is torn between the need to study for an exam and her desire to go out with her friends. She decides that she will go out later only if she completes her studying. This realistic decision reflects the functioning of Sarah's

regression

Scott has just been reprimanded by his supervisor. Later on, Scott begins to "stomp around" and throws a tantrum in front of his co-workers. Scott's behavior exemplifies which of the following?

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's method for treating disorders is called

any of these people

Social learning theory has demonstrated that we are most likely to imitate the behavior of

humanism

The approach that stresses the individual's freedom, uniqueness, and growth potential is

self-efficacy

The belief that one has the ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is referred to as

self-concept

The collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior is referred to as one's \______ , according to Rogers.

identification

The defense mechanism of bolstering one's self esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group is referred to as

self-monitoring

The degree to which people attend to and try to control the impression they make on others defines the concept of

situationally specific

The fact that we tend to behave differently in different situations has led Walter Mischel to contend that behavior tends to be

all of the Big Five personality traits

The findings from twin studies indicate that identical twins are much more similar than fraternal twins on which of the following?

genital stage

The Freudian period that begins with puberty is the

sensation seeking

The generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation is referred to as

Oedipal complex

The idea that a male child desires his mother and fears his father illustrates the

anxiety

The impending possibility of a forbidden impulse getting out of control and being expressed in behavior would be most apt to produce \________ in the person.

humanistic approach

The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the

phallic

The Oedipal complex, of such great importance in Freud's thinking, occurs during the stage of psychosexual development.

oral, anali, phallic, latency, genial

The order of the stages in psychosexual development is

ego

The portion of the personality that mediates between instinctual demands and the world of reality is the

repression

The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is known as

all of these reasons

The psychodynamic theories of personality have been criticized for which of the following?

compensation

The sickly child who goes on to become a forceful, physically active adult is engaging in what Adler called