hallford

absolute

a word free from limitations or qualifications ("best," "all," "unique," "perfect")

adage

a familiar proverb or wise saying ex: Opposites attract. Don't judge a book by its cover.

ad hominem argument

an argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue

allegory

a literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions

alliterations

the repetition of initial sounds in successive or neighboring words

allusion

a reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize

analogy

a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way

anaphora

the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences

anecdote

a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event

antecedent

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers

antithesis

a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced

ex: Keep your mouth closed and your eyes open. Speech is silver, but silence is gold.

aphorism

a concise statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance ex: Easy come, easy go. The early bird gets the worm.

apostrophe

a figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction

archetype

a detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response ex: The wise advisor, the femme fatal

argument

a statement of the meaning or main point of a literary work

asyndeton

a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions ex: She has red hair, blue eyes, a slim nose. The dog ran, bounded, leapt across the field.

balanced sentence

a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast (parallel sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale) ex: No man has ever seen anything that Burne-Jones cannot paint, but many men have painted what Burne-Jones cannot see. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.

bathos

insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity

chiasmus

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ex: Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.

cliché

an expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off ex: Plenty of fish in the sea.

climax

the point of highest interest in a literary work

colloquialism

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

complex sentence

a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

compound sentence

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions

conceit

a fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor ex: My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.

concrete details

details that relate to or describe actual, specific things or events

connotation

the implied or associative meaning of a word

cumulative sentence

a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases ex: Nothing could deflect that wall of water, sweeping away trees and boulders, engulfing streets and villages, churning and roaring like a creature in pain.

declarative sentence

a sentence that makes a statement or declaration

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case ex: The sun rises every morning; therefore. the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.

denotation

the literal meaning of a word

dialect

a variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammar or pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical region

dialogue

conversation between two or more people

diction

the word choices made by a writer

didactic

having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing

dilemma

a situation that requires a person to decide between two equally attractive or equally unattractive alternatives

dissonance

harsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds

elegy

a formal poem presenting a meditation on death or another solemn theme

ellipsis

the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context ex: Some people prefer cats; others, dogs.

epic

a long narrative poem written in elevated style which presents the adventures of characters of high position and episodes that are important to the history of a race or nation

epigram

a brief, pithy (concise and forcefully expressive), and often paradoxical saying ex: It is better to light a candle than curse the darkness. There are no gains without pains.

epigraph

a saying or statement on the title page of a work, or used as a heading for a chapter or other section of a work

epilogue

a section at the end of the story that finishes or sums up the story

epiphany

a moment of sudden revelation or insight

epitaph

an inscription on a tombstone or burial place

epithet

a term used to point out a characteristic of a person

homeric epithets are often compound adjectives (swift-footed Achilles) ex: an athlete's epithet is "The Rocket"

eulogy

a formal speech praising a person who has died

euphemism

an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

exclamatory sentence

a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark

exposition

the introduction of the story

expletive

an interjection to lend emphasis; sometimes, a profanity

fable

a brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters

fantasy

a story that concerns an unreal world or contains unreal characters; a fantasy may be merely whimsical, or it may present a serious point

figurative language

language employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc.)

flashback

the insertion of an earlier event into the normal chronological order of a narrative

flat character

a character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story

foreshadowing

the presentation of material in such a way that the reader is prepared for what is to come later in the work

frame device

a story within a story

genre

a major category or type of literature

homily

a sermon (a talk on a religious or moral subject), or a moralistic lecture

hubris

excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy

hyperbole

intentional exaggeration to create an effect

hypothetical question

a question that raises a hypothesis, conjecture, or supposition

idiom

an expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression; or, a regional speech or dialect ex: Kill two birds with a stone

imagery

the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses

implication

a suggestion an author or speaker makes (implies) without stating it directly NOTE: the author/sender implies; the reader/audience infers

inductive reasoning

deriving general principles from particular facts or instances ex: Every can I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four legged animals.

inference

a conclusion one draws (infers) based on premises or evidence

invective

an intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack

irony

the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or, incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs

jargon

the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession

juxtaposition

placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast ex: You can see the light of the stars at night only because of the darkness of space.

legend

a narrative handed down from the past, containing historical elements and usually supernatural elements

limerick

light verse consisting of five lines of regular rhythm in which the first, second, and fifth lines (each consisting of three feet) rhyme, and the second and third lines (each consisting of two feet) rhyme

limited narrator

a narrator who presents the story as it is seen and understood by a single character and restricts information to what is seen, heard, thought, or felt by that one character

literary license

deviating from normal rules or methods in order to achieve a certain effect ex: intentional sentence fragments

litotes

lie-tuh-tees

a type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite ex: describing a particularly horrific scene by saying "It was not a pretty picture"

malapropism

the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar ex: The doctor wrote a subscription.

maxim

a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage

metaphor

a direct comparison of two things

metonymy

substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it ex: We are loyal to the crown. (crown=royal family/monarchy)

mood

the emotional atmosphere of a work

motif

a standard theme, element, or dramatic situation that recurs in various works

motivation

a character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels (drive, force, or urge (someone) to do something) a character to act

myth

a traditional story presenting supernatural characters and episodes that help explain natural events

narrative

a story or narrated account

narrator

the one who tells the story; may be first- or third-person, limited or omniscient

non sequitur

an inference that does not follow logically from the premises

omniscient narrator

a narrator who is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters

onomataopeia

a word formed from the imitations of natural sounds

oxymoron

an expression in which two words that contradict each other are joined ex: bittersweet

parable

a simple story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson

paradox

an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth ex: The more you fail, the more likely you are to succeed.

parallelism

the use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms (parallel structure)

paraphrase

a restatement of a text in a different form or in different words, often for the purpose of clarity

parody

a humorous imitation of serious work

parenthetical

a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often for the purpose of clarity

pathos

the quality in a work that prompts the reader to feel pity

pedantic

characterized by an excessive display of learning or scholarship

personification

endowing non-human objects or creatures with human qualities or characteristics