Pharmacology Exam 1 Study Guide (copy)

A pharmaceutical company develops a drug and gives it an official name, What type of name would this be?

Generic Name

The name on the label is capitalized, what type of name is it?

Brand Name

What type of name is typically seen in a drug commercial? This is also the proprietary name

Brand Name

The name on the label is not capitalized, what type of name is it?

Generic Name

Acetaminophen is considered the ____ name of Tylenol.

generic

The generic and the brand both have the same chemical composition. (T/F)

True

Drugs in the same category share many of the same...

therapeutic effects, adverse drug reactions, contraindications, precautions, and administration considerations

Drugs in the same category do not act in a similar manner. (T/F)

False

____ drugs are potentially harmful without the supervision of administration by a licensed health provider

Prescription

____ drugs do not require supervision of their administration. (Hint: also known as OTC drugs)

Non-Prescription

Tylenol is considered a prescription drug. (T/F)

False, it is a non-prescription drug

Antibiotics are considered what type of drug?

Prescription

The different forms of oral drugs are...

tablets, capsules, powder, and liquids

The absorption rate of oral drugs is affected by

any oral or inhaled influences

The absorption rate and onset of parenteral drugs varies based on

how it is administered

The onset and absorption rate of an IV is...

immediate and complete

Absorption of Sub-Q and IM is....

variable

topical/transdermal drugs are ones used on the...

skin, eyes, ears, nose, rectum, vagina, and lungs

Pharmokinetics is (Hint: ADME)

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

____ is the movement of the drug by the circulatory system to it's intended site of action.

Distribution

___ is the change that occurs in a drug into a more or less potent form, more soluble form, or an inactive form.

Metabolism

___ is the movement of a drug from the site of administration to various tissues.

Absorption

___ is the elimination of a drug or it's metabolites.

Excretion

When the structure of a drug is chemically altered during metabolism.

biotransformation

What is the new or altered form of a drug called?

metabolite

The time it takes for a drug to decrease in amount by half. This reflects how quickly and efficiently a drug metabolizes and excretes.

Drug half-life

Time it takes for a drug to demonstrate a therapeutic response:

onset

Point in time where a drug is at it's highest level of therapeutic effect:

Peak level

Point of time where a drug is at its lowest level of therapeutic effect

Trough level

Amount of time it takes for a drug to demonstrate a full therapeutic effect:

Peak

Amount of time of time therapeutic effect lasts:

Duration

What is a therapeutic effect?

The intended effects of the drug

What are adverse reactions?

unintended effects of the drug

This has an active site of similar shape to the endogenous ligand also binds to the receptor and produces the same effect

agonist

close enough in shape to bind to the receptor but not close enough to produce an effect, takes up receptor space & prevents the endogenous ligand from binding

antagonist

Agonist does same job but easier (T/F)

True

Antagonist goes against the initial effect (T/F)

True

6 rights of medication administration

patient, time, dose, route, medication, documentation

What are the prescription components?

Date & time prescription was written, client full name, medication name, dosage & frequency, route, dispensing instructions, and provider signature

What are some common medication errors?

Wrong meds, wrong med strength, infusing wrong IV fluid, diluting the meds w/wrong solution, calculating dose/infusion rate incorrectly, giving meds to the wrong patient, wrong route, wrong time, giving meds client is allergic to, omitting a dose, med is expired, erroneously discontinuing a med or infusion

Different types of adverse effects:

Dermatological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological

Dermatological adverse effects:

tingling, itching, hives, flushing, warmth

Respiratory adverse effects

bronchospasm, edema, dyspnea, cough, wheezing, cyanosis

Gastrointestinal adverse effects:

dysphagia, abdominal, cramping, vomiting, diarrhea

Cardiovascular adverse effects:

hypotension, tachycardia, palpitations, syncope, cardiac arrest

Neurological adverse effects:

anxiety, coma

Calculate 0800 to standard time

8:00 am

Calculate 5:40 pm to military time

1740

Calculate 12:20 am to military time

0020

1 kg is how many grams?

1000 g

1 g is how many kilograms?

0.001 kg

1 g is how many mg?

1000 mg

1 mg is how many grams?

0.001 g

1 g is how many micrograms?

1,000,000 mcg

1 mcg is how many grams?

0.000001 g

1 mg is how many mcg?

1000 mcg

1 mcg is how many mg?

0.001 mg

1 L

1000 mL

1 mL is how many L?

0.001 L

1 tsp is equal to how many mL?

5 mL

1 tbsp is equal to how many mL?

15 mL

1 oz is how many mL?

30 mL

1 cup is how many mL?

240 mL

1 kg is equal to how many pounds?

2.2 lbs

AC

before meals

PC

after meals

PRN

as needed

stat

immediately

PO

by mouth

SL

sublingual

ID

intradermal

IM

intramuscular

IV

intravenous

TID

3 times a day

QID

4 times a day

BID

twice a day

h

hour

gtt

drop

Routes for injectable medications:

intradermal, Sub-Q, Intramuscular

Locations for injectable medications:

ventrogluteal, vastus lateralis, deltoid

Types of IV administration

Peripheral and central line

From powder to liquid, dilutes, medication labeling, syringe use, labeling a vial, administration

Reconstitution

Advantages of Parenteral (IV) therapy:

Takes effect almost immediately, allows for precise amounts, allows for large amounts, allows administration of tissue irritants, prevents discomfort of repeated injections

Risks/complications of Parenteral (IV) Therapy:

Phlebitis, infiltration & extravasation, speed shock, fluid overload, allergic reactions, IV catheter embolism

Osmolarity is?

total solute concentration of a solution

There are 3 different types of osmolarity:

Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

Isotonic solutions are...

0.9% NaCl with lactated ringers

Hypotonic solutions are...

Any solution with lower osmotic pressure as body fluids; 0.45% NaCl

Hypertonic solutions are...

Any solution that has higher osmotic pressure as body fluids, 3% NaCl

What type of medications need to have a second nurse sign off on?

High risk medications

Examples of high risk meds

Heparin, warfarin, antimicrobials, potassium, insulin, narcotics, opioids, sedatives, chemotherapeutic agents

Which system do we need to activate with our drugs?

Sympathetic Nervous System

the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect.

bioavailability

The bioavailability of an IV dose is

100 percent

The bioavailability of an Oral dose is

the fractional extent of the drug dosage that finally reaches the therapeutic site of action

Factors that affect bioavailability

drug form, gastric motility, route of administration, changes in liver function

A diseased kidney majorly affects drug metabolism (T/F)

False, it significantly reduces the nonrenal clearance and alters bioavailability of drugs but not the metabolism directly

A nurse is writing down a prescription being relayed over the telephone and it reads "acetaminophen two tablets PO, every 6 hrs PRN for fever". Which part of the order does the nurse need to clarify with the provider?
A. Name
B. Dosage
C. Frequency
D. Route

B. Dosage

A written medical protocol in which a medical director determines in advance the medical criteria that must be met before administering controlled substances to individuals in need of emergency medical services.

a standing prescription

Why is, Acetaminophen 550 mg PO every 6 hr for temperature greater than 38.4 C, a example of a standing prescription?

It has the criteria that the patient must meet before the prescription listed can be administered