english 102 midterm

Prowess

more important than cash; to attain or beat everyone else

polis; city-state politics

democracy - athens

oligarchy - thebes

skene

raised stage

building behind it to change clothes

oedipus shepherd 1

o   Takes baby to die on Mt. Cithaeron

o   Gives him to shepherd 2 instead

o   Survives crossroads battle and lies

o   Tells truth to Oedipus at the end

oedipus shepherd 2

o   Takes baby O from #1 and gives him to Polybus/Merope

o   Brings news of Polybus death to Thebes

o   Tells O at the end about Polybus/Merope not being his true parents

prophecy

§  News about fate

§  Clues about what’s going to happen

§  Riddle

·       Solved? Real and true

fate

universal law

world formed of chaos, history was predetermined

the 4 virtues

courage, temperance, justice, wisdom

courage

§  Physical and moral bravery

§  Do the right thing

temperance

§  Nothing too much

§  Moderation/balance

justice

give everyone what they are due

wisdom

pursuit of truth

the fates

clotho - spins

Lachesis - weaves

Atropos - cuts

reactions to prophecy

* beat/cheat it
* - ignore
* - run away
* - accept

tragic hero

* has flaw
* downfall caused by flaw
* free will as well
* punishment outweighs crime
* gain in self knowledge linked to restoration of order

socrates

460-319

tutor of plato

blank verse

unrhymed iambic pentameter

hamlet begins with

descend into chaos, order is restored

antic disposition

act crazy

tragic recognition

hero admits guilt or fault

hamlet act 4 soliloquy

three parts coward, hamlet has no excuses

how a prince should act - Hamlet

thinks too much, cant act (his flaw)

how a prince should act - Laertes

too emotional/acts rashly

how a prince should act - Fortinbras

“just right”

Claudius

Kills King Hamlet at the last possible second to be King. That way, Hamlet wont be King

foils

the princes

comparison and contrast

Hell

under the stage, where the ghost is, spirits can talk

high comedy

wit and wordplay

educated understand

sitting above stage

low comedy

body humor, sexual innuendos

monologue

blank verse, extended speech by a single character to other characters

soliloquy

Blank verse

Alone on stage

Directed at audience

Deep thought

Truthful

aside

break character

only audience can hear

may be spoken by anyone

other characters freeze

“gain in self knowledge linked to restoration of order”

Creon is king

allows play to end

foils in Oedipus

creon vs. oedipus

jocasta

hangs herself

ignores

laius

beat it/cheat it

oedipus

runs away

hubris

too much pride

parados

lays out problem or issue for oedipus to fix

warning oedipus that he is not a ___

God; he doesnt listen bc he is proud and cocky. He acts and speaks when he shouldnt

Delphi

was the center of the universe

villain of oedipus

Oedipus; he doesnt do anything God commands

they pinned Oedipus’ what?

Achilles tendon

lyric poem

personal emotions

first person

fixed or free

iamb

da-dum

unstressed followd by stressed

stanza

verse paragraph

grouped

couplet

two lines

triplet/tercet

three lines

quatrain

four lines

most common

quintrain/cinquain

five lines

sestet

six lines

septet

seven lines

stanza break

line of white space

separates two stanzas

rhyme

words that end with similar sound

exact rhyme/true rhyme

words that end with precisely the same sound.  For example, the words *blue* and *true*. 

near rhyme/slant rhyme

words that end with almost the same sound.  For example, the words *green* and *grain*.

end rhyme

rhyme at end of lines

internal rhyme

rhyme within a line or lines

rhyme scheme

pattern of end rhyme in a formal poem

english/Shakespearean sonnet

abab

four stanzas - 3 quatrains and a couplet

italian sonnet

abba

rhyme of sestet varies

abbaabba - cccddd or cdcdcd or cccccc

sonnets

two types

14 lines

no stanza breaks

ode

celebration of something

elegy

poem mourning the passing of something/someone

dramatic monologue

·       1) A single speaker, who is not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment.

·       2) This speaker addresses and interacts with one or more other people; but we know of the auditors' presence, and what they say and do, only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker.

·       3) The main principle controlling the poet's choice and formulation of what the lyric speaker says is to reveal to the reader, in a way that enhances its interest, the speaker's temperament and character.

conceptual tools

used to make meaning, enrich understanding

subject

main topic

theme

one of the central thoughts addressed in a poem (for example, the fleeting nature of youth).

speaker/poet-speaker/persona

narrator of the poem

“I” is the speaker

allusion

reference to something outside the poem

four types of allusions

biblical, classical, historical, literary

biblical allusion

a reference to something in the Bible

classical allusion

a reference to Greek or Roman mythology

historical allusion

a reference to a recognizable event from the past.

literary allusion

reference to another work of literature

apostrophe

when the speaker addresses someone/something absent or dead as if he/she/it were present or living.

hyperbole

exaggeration

synecdoche

using part of something to refer to the whole (for example, when you use the term “wheels” to refer to your car).

image

anything that engages the senses or imagination

two types of images

literal imagery

figurative imagery

literal imagery

a literal image engages the senses.  Anything the reader can see, touch, taste, hear, or smell is a literal image.

figurative imagery

a figurative image engages the imagination.  It gives the reader a mental clearer mental picture of something.

types of figurative imagery

simile, metaphor, personification

simile

comparison using like or as

metaphor

direct comparison, no like or as

personification

giving human characteristics to something that is not human.

extended simile

when a simile extends beyond a single line.

extended metaphor

when a metaphor extends beyond a single line.

controlling simile

when an entire poem is centered around a simile.

controlling metaphor

when an entire poem is centered around a metaphor

symbol

o   an object, person, place, or action that stands for something else in addition to its literal meaning in a literary work. 

A symbol can be anything that takes on a meaning beyond itself. 

An example of this would be a rose. 

In the physical world, a rose is a delicate flower with a lovely scent. 

Additionally, a rose can take on the added significance in the world of the imagination of beauty that is intense and short-lived (like the beauty of youth).     

universal symbols

mean the same thing across many works (for example, the grim reaper as a symbol of death).

symbolism

pattern of meaning created by the author’s use of individual symbols in a literary work.

The author constructs a larger meaning by adding together symbols that carry similar associations

sound tools

make “music”

diction

word choice

formal, informal, or como

denotation

dictionary definition of a word

connotation

associated meaning words pickup through use

tone

emotional content of language

turn

sudden shift in tone

alliteration

words beginning with the same letter which appear near each other