a and p 2: exam 4 review

f. glomerulus l. Bowman’s capsule  h, Proximal convoluted tubule b. Loop of Henle a.
distal convoluted tubuleg. collecting ducti. renal papillae c. renal calyces e. renal pelvis
j. ureter d. urinary bladder k. urethra

Place the following in the correct order from the glomerulus to the exterior of the body:
a. Distal convoluted tubule
b. Loop of henle
c. Renal calyces
d. Urinary bladder
e. Renal pelvis
f. Glomerulus
g. Collecting duct
h. Proximal convoluted tubule
i. Renal papillae
j. Ureter
k. Urethra
l. Bowman=s capsule

Glomerular blood pressure (pushed fluid out of glomerulur capillary)
Blood osmotic pressure (pulls fluid into glomerulus)
Capsular pressure (pressure in the capsular space, pushed fluid into the glomerulus)

What pressures participate in determining the net filtration pressure?

Glomerular filtration stays relatively constant with systolic BP between 80 and 180 mm because the
afferent arteriole can constrict and dilate in response to changing blood pressures and the distal
convoluted tubule monitors how fast the filter flows through the tubule and will secrete substances
that cause the afferent arteriole to change diameter if the filtrate is flowing too quickly or too
slowly.

How does glomerular
filtration change with normal changes in blood pressure (systolic between 80-180mm)? Why?

causes massive vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole decreases glomerular blood pressure
and glomerular filtration

How would each of the of the following affect glomerular filtration?
Increasing sympathetic nervous system activity (lots of sympathetic stimulation)

No change in glomerular filtration.

How would each of the of the following affect glomerular filtration?
Increasing blood pressure (above normal, but below 180 mm)

Decreasing glomerular blood pressure decreases glomerular filtration

How would each of the of the following affect glomerular filtration?
Significant loss of blood volume (so systolic BP drops below 80 mm)

Will increase the pressure pushing fluid back into the glomerulus, so net glomerular filtration
pressure will go down decreasing glomerular filtration

How would each of the of the following affect glomerular filtration?
Increasing capsular pressure

ADH will increase water reabsorption from the filtrate into the blood more water is taken out of
urine and returned to the blood, and less urine is produced. Blood volume is increased.

How does ADH affect urine output?

Aldosterone will increase reabsorption of sodium from the filtrate back into the blood water will
follow the sodium into the blood less urine is produced

How does Aldosterone affect urine output?

(Diuretics inhibit ADH or aldosterone)

How do diuretics work?

Tubular maximum is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed per minute. If the
levels of the substance exceed the tubular maximum, then anything over the tubular maximum will
remain in the filtrate and be excreted in the urine.

What is tubular (transport) maximum? What happens to a substance if it exceeds the tubular
maximum?

If a diabetic is not taking insulin, their blood glucose will go up (insulin is needed for glucose to be
absorbed into most cells), so more glucose will cross the filtration membrane and enter the filtrate.
(Remember, the composition of the filtrate is the same as the plasma, minus plasma proteins, so if
glucose is higher in the blood it will be higher in the filtrate.) The higher levels of glucose will exceed
the tubular maximum and anything above the tubular maximum will not be reabsorbed into the blood
and will remain in the filtrate  excreted in the urine.

Why would a diabetic who is not taking insulin have glucose in their urine when someone who is not
diabetic would not have glucose in their urine?

Exhale more CO2 than produce CO2 goes down (remember, CO2 and acid go in the same
direction, if one goes up, so does the other ), so acid levels go down. This results in alkalosis,
caused by respiratory alteration, so respiratory alkalosis.

How do the following conditions alter blood pH? Would each condition result in metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? What type of compensation, if any,
would occur in the body in an effort to return the blood pH to normal?
A. Hyperventilating –

as ventilation decreases, the levels of CO2 exhaled are less that the levels produced so CO2
builds up in the bloodincreasing acid. Causes by changes in ventilation, so respiratory acidosis.

How do the following conditions alter blood pH? Would each condition result in metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? What type of compensation, if any,
would occur in the body in an effort to return the blood pH to normal?
B. Depressed respiration (caused by a blow to the head)

Vomiting results in loss of acidic substances (lots of hydrocholoric acid in the stomach), so
levels of acid are decreasedcausing alkalosis. Not caused by changes in ventilation, so
metabolic alkalosis.

How do the following conditions alter blood pH? Would each condition result in metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? What type of compensation, if any,
would occur in the body in an effort to return the blood pH to normal?
C. Excess vomiting for several days

Maalox is often taken by people with gastroesophageal reflux (acid reflux or heartburn) to
neutralize the acid in the stomach. If you take too much  too much alkaline substance, so
metabolic alkalosis. (Not caused by changes in ventilation)

How do the following conditions alter blood pH? Would each condition result in metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? What type of compensation, if any,
would occur in the body in an effort to return the blood pH to normal?
D. Excess intake of Maalox (a base)

Diarrhea results in loss of pancreatic and intestinal juice, both of which are alkaline. So excess
loss of alkaline substances metabolic acidosis.

How do the following conditions alter blood pH? Would each condition result in metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? What type of compensation, if any,
would occur in the body in an effort to return the blood pH to normal?
E. Excessive diarrhea for several days

Ketones are acidic, so as they build up in the blood, they decrease the pH (make the blood
more acidic). Metabolic acidosis (not caused by changes in ventilation)

How do the following conditions alter blood pH? Would each condition result in metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis? What type of compensation, if any,
would occur in the body in an effort to return the blood pH to normal?
F. Uncontrolled diabetes (burns fats, produces ketones)

A. Renal capsule

1. Layer of adipose tissue surrounding kidney B

2. Vessel which transports blood to glomerulus I

3. Specialized cells which wrap around glomerulus - create
filtration slits N

4. Removing the Agoodies@ from the filtrate and returning them to
blood E

5. Water reabsorption that is hormone dependent G E. Tubular reabsorption

6. Region of loop of henle that allows free movement of water, not
solutes S

7. Folds in mucous membrane of bladder

8. Urethra that passes through floor of pelvis in men X

Urinary sphincter under voluntary control U

Loop of henle region that pumps salt out, allows no water passage R

Water reabsorption that follows solute reabsorption H

Accumulation of excess urine in kidney CC

. Functional unit of kidney – where urine forms Z

Striped, triangular areas in medulla of kidney BB

Innermost layer of c.t. around kidney A

Vessel which transports blood away from glomerulus J

Capillaries which surround renal tubule K

Secreting excess wastes, drugs, etc. into renal tubule from blood F

Made of glomerular cap. wall, basement membrane, filtration slits P

Forcing fluid across glomerulus D

Narrows to form ureters Q

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, water reabsorption (urine
concentration).

What are the four processes involved in urine formation?

Tubular secretion is taking nutrients, ions, etc. out of the filtrate (in the renal tubule)
and returning it to the blood (in the peritubular capillaries).

How does tubular secretion differ from
tubular reabsorption?

. Tubular secretion is taking the waste
materials, excesses, some drugs, etc. out of the blood (peritubular capillaries) and adding to the filtrate
(in renal tubule) so it can be excreted from the body in the urine.

Why are each of these important in urine formation and homeostasis?

Obligatory must occur (it’s obligated to happen) when water follows the reabsorption of solutes.
Facultative – the amount of water reabsorbed varies with the levels of hormones (ADH and
aldosterone primarily). Facultative means it doesn’t HAVE to happen, it’s not obligatory.

How does obligatory water reabsorption differ from facultative water reabsorption?

Ureters are mucous membrane (transitional epithelium), connective tissue and smooth muscle. Urine
moves through them by peristaltic contraction of the smooth muscle (and also by gravity).

Describe the anatomy and function of the ureters. How is urine transported through them to the urinary bladder?

Urinary bladder is mucous membrane (transitional epithelium), connective tissue and smooth muscle
(the detrusor muscle).

Describe the anatomy and function of the urinary bladder. How does the body prevent urine from
traveling from the urinary bladder back up the ureters to the kidneys?

Micturition reflex is the reflex that makes you pee.

What is the micturition reflex?

Acidosis is blood ph below normal (7.35); alkalosis is blood ph above normal (7.45)

Differentiate between acidosis and alkalosis

Acidosis – central nervous system depression (lethargy, disorientation, coma, possible death),
Alkalosis – central nervous system hyperexcitatability (involuntary muscle contractions, tetanic
contractions, seizures, possible death)

Explain the symptoms of acidosis and alkalosis

Can be metabolic (not caused by a change in ventilation) or respiratory (caused by change in
ventilation which changes CO2 levels in the blood).

3. Explain the causes and classification of acidosis and alkalosis.\

Acidosis – pH below normal.
Respiratory – caused by a decrease in ventilation (produce more CO2 that exhaled) increases
CO2 levels increases acid.
Metabolic acidosis – a pH below normal caused by something other than increasing CO2 levels.

Alkalosis – pH above normal (7.45).
Respiratory – caused by an increase in ventilation which decreases CO2 levels (exhale more CO2
than you produce) decreases acid causing alkalosis.
Metabolic – increase in pH (decrease in acid) above normal causes by something other than an
decreased CO2 level.

Differentiate between respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic
alkalosis.

Respiratory compensation – respiratory system will increase ventilation to alter CO2 levels to get
pH back to normal (or closer to normal). If acidosis need to decrease acid. Respiratory system will
increase ventilation so you exhale more CO2 than you produce this will decrease CO2 levels,
decreasing acid.

If alkalosis need to increase acid. Respiratory system will decrease ventilation so that you produce
more CO2 than you produce CO2 levels will increase, which increases acid.

Explain the processes of respiratory compensation and the importance of it

Renal – kidneys will increase secretion or reabsorption of hydrogen ions (acid) and bicarbonate ions
(base) in order to get pH back to normal (or closer to normal).
If acidosis need to decrease acid levels, so kidneys will increase tubular secretion of Hydrogen
ions (acid) and increase tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate (base).
If alkalosis  need to increase acid. Will do that by increasing tubular reabsorption of hydrogen
ions (acids) and increase secretion of bicarbonate (base).

Explain the processes of renal compensation and the importance of it

energy for sperm to swim

What is the function of each of the following substances secreted by the accessory glands in the
male reproductive system?
A. Fructose

Neutralize any acidic urine residue in male urethra,
lubrication for
intercourse

What is the function of each of the following substances secreted by the accessory glands in the
male reproductive system?
B. mucus from bulbourethral glands

– Dissolves semen clot

What is the function of each of the following substances secreted by the accessory glands in the
male reproductive system?
C. Fibrinolysin

– Reverse peristalsis in uterus to draw semen into uterine cavity

What is the function of each of the following substances secreted by the accessory glands in the
male reproductive system?
Prostaglandins

-Causes clotting of semen, do it doesn’t run out of the vagina as easily

What is the function of each of the following substances secreted by the accessory glands in the
male reproductive system?
Vesiculase

– Activates sperm so they can fertilize egg

What is the function of each of the following substances secreted by the accessory glands in the
male reproductive system?
F. Acid phosphatase

Regulate temperature in the testes so it is ideal for sperm production.

3. What are the functions of the cremaster and dartos muscles?

Seminiferous tubules Efferent ductules epididymis  vas deferens  ejaculatory duct
prostatic urethra membranous urethra penile urethra and it’s free…..it’s free….

Trace the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the exterior of the body, and then on
to the awaiting egg (assume sperm is deposited in vagina).

Prostate gland

a. Gland located under the urinary bladder in males- single gland (not paired) golf ball size

Cervical glands

b. Produces mucus which varies in consistency with female=s hormones, may block the opening to
` the cervix at certain times in a woman’s menstrual cycle

Parasympathetic

c. Division of autonomic nervous system responsible for sexual arousal

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

d. Hormone responsible for ovulation

Ovulation

e. Release of the egg from the ovary

Paraurethral glands

f. Glands located at external urethral orifice in women

Urethra

. Terminal portion of the male duct system

Follicles stimulating hormone (FSH)

. Hormone responsible for stimulating sperm production

Pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID)

An infection which has spread through the uterine tubes and often into the pelvic cavity

ectopic pregnancy

. Any pregnancy that implants outside of the uterus

Fundus

k. Upper rounded portion of the uterus

Corpus luteum

l. In ovary, structure that secretes large amounts of progesterone after ovulation

Zona pellucidum

m. Clear protein-carbohydrate layer surrounding egg

Cervix

n. Neck of the uterus

Interstitial cells

o. Cells which produce testosterone

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

. Hormone responsible for stimulating testosterone production

Testosterone

Hormone responsible for secondary sex characteristics in men

Erectile tissue

Tissue with many spaces which can become filled with blood during sexual arousal (general
name for this type of tissue)

Crura of penis

Proximal enlargements of the corpora cavernosa

Prepuce (foreskin)

Loose skin which hangs over the end of the penis

Erection

v. Male sexual response controlled by parasympathetic system

Bulbospongiosus
muscle

w. Muscle surrounding base of penis - contract and force fluids out of urethra

Fimbriae

x. Fingerlike ends of uterine tube - to help draw egg into tube

Peristalsis and ciliary action

y. How egg moves through uterine tube

Cervical ox

z. External opening of cervix (into vagina)

Corpus spongiosum

aa. Column of erectile tissue which surrounds urethra in penis.

Vesicouterine pouch

A. Little pouch or pocket of peritoneum between uterus and urinary bladder

Labia
majora

B. The lateral, larger pair of skin folds of female external genitalia – more glands, more fat

Acrosome

C. Cap of enzymes located on head of sperm

Inguinal canal

D. Area of abdominal wall where spermatic cord passes into abdomen

Dartos muscle

E. Smooth muscle located in the scrotum, contracts causes wrinkling of scrotum

Vas (ductus) deferens in the scrotum

F. Area of the male duct system that is cut in a vasectomy

Stratum functionalis

G. Innermost layer of endometrium - undergoes changes in response to hormones, is shed as
menstrual fluid

Prolapsed uterus

H. Uterus drops downward into vagina

Clitoris

I. Unique Aecstacy@ organ in women - lots of sensory neurons, no other function

Vestibular glands

J. Glands which secrete mucus at vaginal orifice

Sustenacular cells

K. Protect sperm from attack by immune cells

Midpiece

L. Area of sperm with lots of mitochondria

epididymis

M. Area in male body where sperm complete maturation and develop ability to swim

Bulbourethral glands

N. Glands which produce alkaline mucus in males