Lonestar History 1301 Chapter 14

The American Party (The Know-Nothing Party)

(1840s-1850s) This political party carried anti-immigrant sentiments against the Catholic and the Irish and saw some electoral success.

Bleeding Kansas

A reference to the violent clashes in Kansas between Free-Soilers and slavery supporters. (1856)

border ruffians

proslavery Missourians who crossed the border into Kansas to influence the legislature..

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Dred Scott v. Sanford

An 1857 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that blacks could not be citizens and Congress had no jurisdiction to impede the expansion of slavery.

Fire-eaters

refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

Free Soil Party

A political party committed to ensuring that white laborers would not have to compete with unpaid slaves in newly acquired territories.

Freeport Doctrine

a doctrine that emerged during the Lincoln-Douglas debates in which Douglas reaffirmed his commitment to popular sovereignty, including the right to halt the spread of slavery, despite the 1857 Dred Scott decision affirming slaveholders' right to bring their property wherever they wished.

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Miscegenation

race-mixing through sexual relations or marriage

Popular Sovereignty

The principle of letting the people residing in a territory decide whether or not to permit slavery in that area based on majority rule.

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers.

An antislavery political party formed in 1854 in response to Stephen Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Underground Railroad

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

After Lincoln's election as president, did seven southern states vote to secede from the Union?

True.

What were the democrats beliefs at the time of the Compromise of 1850?

pro-slavery

The Compromise of 1850 did not include?

maintaining the balance between free states and slave states.

Did the Dred Scott decision in the Supreme Court actually fan the flames of the slavery debate in the territories?

True

What did the Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court involve?

A slave suing for his freedom because his master had taken him into free territory.

What were the efforts to preserve the Union in 1861?

The proposal of a constitutional amendment to guarantee protection for slavery everywhere that it existed at that time.

What was the first southern state to secede from the Union?

South Carolina

Did the fugitive slave law actually work to strengthen anti-slavery forces in the North?

True

Who was the "Great Compromiser?

Henry Clay

Some important factors contributing to the Compromise of 1850 were----

The death of Zachary Taylor, Henry Clay's eloquence in presenting his proposals, Stephen A. Douglas's idea to five separate laws.

Did the reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act directly contribute to the formation of a brand-new political party-The Republican Party?

True

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Proposed to forbid slavery in any territory acquired during the Mexican War.

What seven states followed through with their secession threats soon after Lincoln was elected?

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas. (November 1860)

As a southern man with Union principles, Zachary Taylor-----

wanted the immediate admission of California and New Mexico.

What was the Crittenden Compromise trying to do?

guarantee slavery where it already existed.

The failure of Kansas to gain statehood before the Civil War can be attributed to----?

the controversy and violence surrounding the effort to push through a pro-slavery constitution.

The Free-Soil party was a coalition made up of-----?

Van Burenite Democrats, Conscience Whigs, and members of the Liberty party.

In the first six months of 1857, Buchanan dealt with?

Dred Scott, the Lecompton Constitution, and an economic panic.

Pottawatomie Massacre 1856

When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas.

Of the candidates in the 1860 presidential election, the only one who tried to run a national campaign was?

Douglas

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks

Charles Sumner of Massachusetts gave a speech in 1856 called "The Crime Against Kansas", giving of the House of Representatives from SC. Preston nearly killed Sumner several days after the speech by beating his head repeatedly with a cane. In the north Sumner became a martyr to the barbarism of the South, while in the South, Brooks became a hero. Many Southerners Preston's mailed him canes in support of what he did.

What were the results of the Dred Scott Decision?

Dred Scott sued for his freedom and lost in the Supreme Court. Court ruled that he was not considered a citizen, and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional (because slaves are property protected by the 5th Amendment)

What did the Supreme Court decide on the Dred Scott Decision?

1)status of a slave in a free state does not change-still a slave

2)slaves were not granted rights under the constitution

3)Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional-Congress could not prohibit the introduction of slavery in the territories

4)the U.S. government had to protect slavery-the U.S. government can't deny men their property

5)All federal territories were now legally open to slavery

6)Created more sectional strife between North and South

What did the Panic of 1857 result in?

clamor for a higher tariff

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Grand Old Party (GOP)

The Republican Party, commonly referred to as GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

Anti-Slavery expansion activists

Alabama Platform

insisted that the federal government protect the right of slavery

Douglas Platform

supported popular sovereignty for slavery in the territories

Democratic Convention of 1860

1860 election-The douglas platform won. 2/3 vote to win. Final outcome-John Breckinridge of Kentucky won.

Republican Convention of 1860

The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln to run for president.

Constitutional Union Party of 1860

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

John Bell- of Tennessee-President

Edward Everett of Massachusetts for Vice President

Who was Edward Everett?

american politician and orator from massachusetts, gave a two hour long speech at gettysburg cemetery dedication right before abe's two minute speech

Who was John Bell?

Presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union Party. He drew votes away from the Democrats, helping Lincoln win.

Why was the 1860 Presidential Election one of the most important in United States History?

Primary issues were state's rights and slavery in the territories. The Democratic party had split into two factions-northern and southern supporters, Lincoln and the Republican Party came to power without the support of a single Southern state.

Southern Secession

South felt that they had lost their political voice and would leave to get it back

State Convention in December 1860, voted to leave the Union.

Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas left the Union. Met in Montgomery, Alabama in February and drew up a Confederate Constitution.

Confederate Constitution of 1861

States could ratify amendments

slavery was protected and would be allowed in any new territories that joined the Confederacy, The importation of slaves was prohibited.

President-limited to 1 six year term and Jefferson Davis was President of the Confederate Government. Alexander Stevens was selected Vice President.

The formation of the Confederate States of America (CSA) government was completed by the time Lincoln was inaugurated.

What were the causes of the Civil War?

State Rights vs. National Authority

Aggression of Planter Aristocracy

Failure of the Democracy

Emotionalism

Economics

Slavery as a moral issue

Who was the U.S. Commander during Fort Sumter?

Major Robert Anderson

What four slave states did not join the Confederate States of America?

Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky.

How many soldiers did Lincoln send to recapture the forts?

75,000

Where was the Confederate capital located?

Richmond, Virginia

What state became a free state during the Civil War?

West Virginia(separate from Virginia in 1863)

Anaconda Plan (1861)

Strategy for the Union army by General Winfield Scott which involved choking off the main resources of the Confederate army (strangling it like an anaconda) Had 3 main goals: gain control of the Mississippi River (this would cut the Confederacy into 2 parts), blockade the Southern ports, and to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond

James River Campaign

George McClellan tried to capture Richmond, Virginia with a force of 100,00 men.

Fair Oaks (Seven Pines)

Robert e. Lee head of army of Virginia pushes McLean out of Richmond

Battle of Shiloh (April 1862)

Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory. Ulysses S. Grant invaded Tennessee in February, 1862 and captured Forts Henry and Donelson.

What was the significance of Fort Donelson?

Kentucky stayed in the Union and Union Forces occupied much of Tennessee.

Who was General Albert Sidney Johnston?

Confederate General who fought in the Battle of Shiloh. forced to fall back, giving up Kentucky and much of West and Middle Tennessee. Caught off guard and killed. The South lost one of its best generals.

Admiral David Farragut

Union admiral who captured the port of New Orleans and other important cities along the Mississippi.

The Union had captured the South's financial center and largest city.

Where was the location of Monitor vs. Merrimack?

Hampton Roads, Virginia

USS Monitor VS CSS Virginia (Merrimack)

Off the coast of Virginia...March, 1862...first battle of ironclad ships...resulted in a "draw"

Second Bull Run / Second Manassas

This resounding victory by Lee and Jackson pushed Union forces back to Washington, D.C. President Lincoln had replaced McClellan with John Pope, who would supposedly be united with the Army of the Potomac, commanded by Henry Halleck. Lee maneuvered Jackson's troops behind those of Pope; Jackson detained Pope's men at Manassas while Lee sent James Longstreet to crush Pope's left flank. Halleck's army was supposed to land at Aquia, but instead retreated to defend Washington, ceding all of Virginia to the Confederacy and marking a low point in the Union effort. This happened at what Civil War battle?

Why was the Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg important?

It was significant enough of a victory to give President Lincoln the confidence to announce to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. It discouraged the British and French governments from potential plans for recognition of the Confederacy.

Who was General Ambrose Burnside?

Union General who replaced McClellan. He resigned his command voluntarily after his failure at the battle of Fredericksburg

Battle of Fredericksburg (December 1862)

Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines.

Worst losses of the war. Burnside resigned and Lincoln replaced him with General Joe Hooker.

Who was General Joe Hooker?

nicknamed "Fighting Joe"; known for his prostitutes; made general after Burnsides; led Union troops in the Battle of Chancellorsville; attacked by Lee and Jackson at same time; was badly beaten

Battle of Chancellorsville (1863)

The Union was defeated again with the Confederacy being led by Robert E. Lee. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was accidentally wounded here by one of his own men.