chapter 9: social interaction

Unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion

Display rules

Shared set of beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors organized around a central theme

Cultural syndrome

Maintenance of a public image through various strategies

Impression management

Sharing factual information about oneself

Self-disclosure

Using props, appearance, or associations to create a positive image

Managing appearances

Using flattery or conformity to win someone over

Ingratiation

Using excuses to account for questionable behavior

Aligning actions

Imposing an identity onto another person

Alter-casting

Individuals create images of themselves like actors performing roles

Dramaturgical approach

Where individuals are seen by the audience and strive to preserve desired image

Front stage

Where individuals are not in front of an audience and act outside desired image

Back stage

Conveyance of information through spoken, written, or signed words

Verbal communication

Conveyance of information by means other than words (body language, facial expressions, gestures)

Nonverbal communication

Communication between humans and other animals using body language, scents, and vocalizations

Animal communication

Perceived position in society used to classify individuals

Status

Status involuntarily assigned based on traits like race, ethnicity, gender

Ascribed status

Status voluntarily earned through effort

Achieved status

Status by which an individual is primarily identified

Master status

Set of beliefs, values, and norms defining expectations of a status

Role

Carrying out the behaviors of a given role

Role performance

Person who helps define roles within a relationship

Role partner

All different roles associated with a status

Role set

Difficulty satisfying requirements of multiple roles simultaneously

Role conflict

Difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role

Role strain

Group of two or more individuals with similar characteristics and sense of unity

Group

Self-selected group formed around similar interests, ages, or statuses

Peer group

Group into which an individual is born, adopted, or married

Family group

Social group with which a person identifies

In-group

Social group with which an individual does not identify

Out-group

Group used for comparison

Reference group

Group with strong emotional bonds

Primary group

Group that is temporary and has weaker emotional bonds

Secondary group

Group unified by shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography

Gemeinschaft (community)

Group unified by mutual self-interests in achieving a goal

Gesellschaft (society)

Tendency for group members to conform without critical evaluation

Groupthink

Observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups

Network

Body of people with structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals

Organization