Nutrition final exam

Adolescence

-period of life between 11 and 21 years of age
-child develops into an adult
-profound physical, emotional and cognitive maturity

growth of adolescence

may aceed the needs of an infant

early adolescence

- puberty
- varies among age

Biological growth and development, energy needs

sexual maturation (puberty status) should be assed by

SMR

-sexual maturation rating
-scale of secondary sexual characteristics
- asses degree of pubertal maturation

Early adulthood

-20s-30s
- possible renewed intrest in nutrition at this time

Midlife

- 40s
- reviweing lifes acomplishments and beginning to recognize mortality

Sandwhich generation

- phase around the 50s
- many, especially women are juggling caring for children and aging parents while maintaing a career
- health concerns may come into the picture

Later adulthood

- early 60s
- transition to retirment, more leasure time, greater attention to activity and nutrition
-responsibilities and chronic disease may affect food choices

Earlier

puberty usually occurs ___ among females, with a 2,5 year gender differnce average

breast development and appearance of pubic hair

SMR is based on what for females

testicular and penal development and appearance of pubic hair

SMR is based on what for males

SMR stage 1

corresponds with prepubertal growth and development

SMR stages 2 through 5

denote occurence of puberty

SMR stage 5

sexual maturity has concluded

sexual maturation correlates with

linear growth, changes in weight, body composition and hormonal changes

black and mexican american females

- experience thelarche (breast development smr stage 2) at 9.6 years old
-8 months earlier than white females

Early thelarch twice as common in

overweight and obese girls

menses

the process of mentration

menarche

first mentrual cycle

menarche occurs when

2-4 years after the initial development of breast buds and pubic hair
- commonly during SMR stage 4

12.5 years but can occur as early as 8 or as late as 17

age for menarche

4 times as likely in overweight and obese females

early onset of menarche

linear growth spurt occurs

most commonly during smr stage 2 in females beginning between 9.5-14.5 years

peak velicity in linear growth occurs

during the end of smr stage 2 and smr stage 3 approx 6 to 12 months prior to menarche

15 to 25 percent

final adult height will be gained during puberty

3.5 inches a year

females gain during peak of adolescent growth

24-26 months

linear growth spurt lasts ceasing by age 16 in most females some Experience incriments od growth past 19

scrotal coloring and enlargement

first signs of puberty in males

between 10.5 and 14.5 years average 11.6 years

average age for puberty males

9.5 and 13.5 years concludes between 12.7 and 17 years

testicular enalrgment begins at the age

spermarche

sperm is produced by testes

14 years

average age for sperm arch

during SMR stage 4 conciding with or following testicular development and facial hair

peak velocity in linear growth among males

14.4 years

peak velocity of linear growth age males

2.8-4.8 inches a year

at peak growth spurt male height will increase by

about 21 years

linear height growth in males will continue util

50%

ideal adult body weight gained during adolescence

follows linear growth spurt by 3-6 months

female peak weight gain

12.5 years and will gain approx 18.3lbs per year

peak velocity of weight gain age females

time of menarche but will continue into late adolescence

weight gain slows around

during later half of adolensce

females may gain as much as 14lbs

around or just after onset menses

peak muscle mass occurs

2.5 lbs

females gain ___ of body fat mass each year during puberty

between 15 and 16 years

body fat levels peak amoung females at age

17% body fat, 25%

body fat required for menarche and maintamce of regular cycle

concides with timing of peak linear growth and peak muscle mass accumulation

peak weight gain among males

25%

luch in skipped by ___ %

gain average of 20 lb per year

during peak weight gain males

Adolesce

body fat decreases in males during

12%

average body fat by the end of puberty (males)

true

half of adult peak bone massis accured during adolensce

90

by 18 ___ % of adult skeletal mass has been formed

early adolescence

11-14 years

middle adolescence

15-17 years

late adolescence

18-21 years

Dissatisfaction for males

males who enter puberty late often feel physically inferior, may use steroids or other substances to increase growth and muscles development

females who mature early

more eating problems and poorer body image
-more likely to smoke drink have sex early

concrete thinking
Egocentrism
impulsive behavior
abstract reasoning is not fully developed

characteristics of early adolescence

-emotional and social independence
-conflicts over personal issues including eating are heightened
-feel invincible
-most influenced by peers

charateristics of middle adolescence

-development of personal identity and moral beliefs
-physical growth concluded

characteristics of late adolesnce

14.4

14.4

83%,1.7

___ report snacking with ___ snacks a day

3 or more

half of teens eat ___ snacks per day

frequent snacking

higher energy intake and greater proportion of calories

as adolescent mature

meal skipping increases

breakfast

most commonly skipped meal

27

percent of adolesnce skip breakfast

decrease intakes of energy, protein, fiber, calcium and folate

skipping breakfast effects health

8%

dinner is skipped by ___ %

more than 1/3, 39

___ portein and carbohydrate intakes are consumed away from home ____% total fat and sugar intake each day

4%

percent of adolescents that are vegetarian

-school meal programs
-vending machines
-school canteens
-fast food
-covience or corner stores

sources of foods eaten away from home

14.4

14.4

.85 grams per body weight

estimated protein need for adolescents

age 11 to 14

protein requirmwnts for females are highest at

age 15 to 18

protein requirments for males are highest at

-fruit
-vegetables
-whole grains
-legumes

carb rich foods

130 grams per day or 45-65 % of daily energy needs

reccommended intake of carbs amoung teens

21

sweetners and added sugars provide approx ___% pf energy intake by teens

- certain cancers
-coronary artery disease
-type 2 diabetes

dietary fiber may help prevent diseases such as

26g a day

reccomonded dietary fiber for females

31g/day once older adolescence 38g day

reccomonded dietary fiber for males

calcium

main constitute of bone mass

around time of menarche

greatest time for females to absord calcium

true

males accure more bone mass than females at all ages during puberty

1300 mg

DRI for calcium 9 to 18 year olds

true

many adolescents notably females do not consume the DRI for calcium

937,1311

Females consume ___ Mg calcium per day while males consume __mg

25

milk supplies less than ___% of daily calcium

increases

calcium consumption drops as age

growth spurts in males and menarche in females

iron needs in adolescents will be highest during

facilitating intestinal absoprtion of calcium

Vitamin D plays in essential role in

true

folate is an intergral part of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis

megaloblatic anemia

severe folate deficiencies result in

- folate
-vitamin a, B6,c and E
- iron
- zinc
-magnesium
-phosporus
-calcium

indequate minerals consumed by teens

- saturated fats
-cholestorol
-sodium
-added sugar

teens exceed reccomendations for

-overweight
-underwieght
-eating disorders
-hyperlipdemia
-hypertension
-iron deficiency/ anemia
-food insecurity
-excessive intake of high-fat or high sugar foods and beverages

concerns to look out for on yearly health screenings