GEOG202 Final

All of the AR Quiz Questions

All human activity exists through dimensions of both __ __and__ __.

\
Space

Time

Human

Physical

General

Space

Time

Which of the following are conceptualized by human geographers as a mixture of history, spacial relations, and sociality?

\
Places

Spaces

Societies

Locations

Landscapes

Places

Many human geographers use the concept of ____ with space defined through relationships of human phenomena.

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Relative Space

Absolute Space

General Space

Specific Space

Human Space

Relative Space

\[Term 1\] Human geography offers insights into why the world economy produces inequalities of wealth in different places while \[Term 2\] human geography considers the physical, social, and emotional surroundings of people.

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Marxist

Humanist

General

Interdisciplinary

Physical

Marxist

Humanist

Knowledge is always a partial and limited thing. And all knowledge - even scientific knowledge - is a limited representation of reality.

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True

False

True

Globalization is about the emergence (or not) of an integrated human society Earth.

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True

False

True

The idea that processes linking people in different geographical locations are now characterized by an increasing range, speed, and intensity of interconnections is called:

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Placelessness

Time-Space Deliverance

Time-Space Compression

Geographical Combinations

Time-Space Expansion

Time-Space Compression

Which scholar proposed ‘world systems theory’ and argued that the world could be divided into core areas (wealthy countries) and peripheral areas (less-developed countries)?

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Immanuel Wallerstein

Adam Smith

Halford Mackinder

Ellen Semple

Karl Marx

Immanuel Wallerstein

Which of the following terms refers to the way a good or service is made in a sequence with value being added at each stage of the process.

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Surplus Value Chain

Capitalist Production Networks

Global Commodity Chain

Global Corporate Governance

Global Purchasing Chain

Global Commodity Chain

Which of the following terms refers to the way that geographical factors and spatial relationships shape international politics?

\
Traditional Geopolitics

(New) Critical Geopolitics

Geographical Governance

Capitalist Politics

Political Economy

Traditional Geopolitics

Early conceptualizations of development focused almost exclusively on:

\
Economic factors

Gender differences

Asian countries

Quality of life

African countries

Economic factors

Which of the following is a general umbrella term for all the conditions that influence human beings and the societies in which they live:

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Capitalism

Development

Natural resources

Social movement

Environment

Environment

Human geographers have found that a clear distinction exists between what constitutes ‘nature’ and what is considered to be a part of ‘human society’.

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True

False

False

What counts as ‘environmental degradation’ is often subjective in that it depends on some pre-existing human view of what a given environment should look like.

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True

False

True

The dominant view of sustainable development among many governments and financial institutions holds that:

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* The Earth’s resources are actually infinite.
* Maintaining an environment that serves economic needs is the priority.
* Preserving or protecting existing environments is the priority.
* A dramatic change in the way humans live is required.
* Economic growth and the environment have complementary benefits.

\

* Maintaining an environment that serves economic needs is the priority.


* Economic growth and the environment have complementary benefits.

Davis emphasizes that urbanization must be conceptualized as a process occurring along an “urban-rural continuum” in which:

\
* Rural and urban boundaries are increasingly blurred.
* Rural areas urbanize in situ as cities expand along transportation corridors.
* Urban areas account for a decreasing share of global inequality.
* There is diminishing circulation of commodities, people, and capital between city centers and their peripheries.
* Migrants relocate from rural to urban areas.

* Rural and urban boundaries are increasingly blurred.
* Rural areas urbanize in situ as cities expand along transportation corridors.

In the Third World there are now examples of labor scarcity in rural areas and high unemployment in cities.

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True

False

True

IMF and World Bank Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) of the 1980s contributed to rural-to-urban migration and urban poverty by promoting:

\
* Protections for domestic industry in the for of import quotas.
* Government subsidies for farmers.
* Deregulation of agricultural markets.
* Protections for domestic industry in the form of tariffs.
* False investments in rural infrastructure.

* Deregulation of agricultural markets.

Which of the following are characteristic of slums?

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* Poor access to municipal service, such as utilities and transportation.
* Rapid growth relative to overall urban growth.
* Illegal informal land markets.
* Adequate housing.
* Formal work opportunities.

* Poor access to municipal service, such as utilities and transportation.
* Rapid growth relative to overall urban growth.
* Illegal informal land markets.

Davis predicts that much of the urban world of the future will squat in squalor, surrounded by pollution, excrement, and decay.

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True

False

True

From Davis’ description of slums, it can be inferred that slum research is challenging due to:

\
* Language barriers that impede international interest for data collection in slum areas.
* The lack of variation in slum morphology (e.g. size, density, fragmentation, function, etc.)
* Little international interest in advancing a better understanding of slums.
* National governments disguising their poor and slum populations through misleading statistics.
* The evolving definition of slums that at one point encompassed moral dimensions that are difficult to measure.

* National governments disguising their poor and slum populations through misleading statistics.
* The evolving definition of slums that at one point encompassed moral dimensions that are difficult to measure.

According to Davis, not all slum dwellers are poor and not all urban poor live in slums.

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True

False

True

Which of the following are the two main classifications in Davis’ slum typology:

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* Pirate subdivisions
* Metro Core
* Informal squatters
* Periphery
* Pavement-dwellers

* Metro Core
* Periphery/

The primary function of peri-urban area (also known as the urban edge) is to house:

\
* Slum-dwellers evicted from the city center.
* Legal and illegal industries seeking lawless new customers.
* Farm laborers expelled from the countryside.
* Refugees and Internally Displaced People (IDPs) escaping conflict.
* Assist NGOs seeking to make a profit.

* Slum-dwellers evicted from the city center.
* Farm laborers expelled from the countryside.
* Refugees and Internally Displaced People (IDPs) escaping conflict.

Hand-me-down housing is more common that tenements and purpose-built rental housing.

\
True

False

False

Today’s megacities of the Global South share a common trajectory of explosive growth prior to the 1950s and 1960s.

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True

False

False

As described by Davis, governments pledged various state interventions to combat slum expansion and urban marginality. These promises tended to include:

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* Guaranteed public-sector jobs.
* Free universal health care and education.
* Relocation to new, low-cost housing.
* Rent subsidies and more low-cost housing stock.
* Regressive taxes for all.

* Guaranteed public-sector jobs.
* Free universal health care and education.
* Relocation to new, low-cost housing.
* Rent subsidies and more low-cost housing stock.

The postcolonial state has upheld most of its original promises to the urban poor.

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True

False

False

Which term does Davis use to refer to policy manipulation, wherein housing and land reserved for the poor is acquired by urban elites and the middle classes?

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* Poaching
* Perverse urban boom
* Urban powerlessness
* Urban Poverty
* Marshall Plan Aid

* Poaching

Davis argues that colonial regulations contributed to which of the following:

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* Tax evasion
* Inclusive urban tenure rights
* City services accessible to the urban poor
* Relatively low urban growth prior to the 1950s
* Low levels of low-skill employment

* Relatively low urban growth prior to the 1950s

According to Davis, a number of scholars criticized the World Bank’s approach to urban development. These critiques included:

\
* Many self-help housing loans turned out to be unaffordable for the poor.
* The World Bank approach depended on a narrative that portrayed slum dwellers as being incapable, timid, and lacking agency.
* World Bank projects often benefited the middle-class, rather than those most in need.
* The approach expanded budgets to fund state and local government intervention and support new housing projects.
* Incremental housing resulted in either high unit prices for construction materials or poor-quality materials.

* Many self-help housing loans turned out to be unaffordable for the poor.
* World Bank projects often benefited the middle-class, rather than those most in need.
* Incremental housing resulted in either high unit prices for construction materials or poor-quality materials.

Davis argues that the many successful World Bank housing projects included support for employment creation and the expansion of public transport.

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True

False

False

As described by Davis, outcomes of the “NGO Revolution” included:

\
* Greater land tenure security for the urban poor and invisible renters.
* NGOs as the true beneficiaries of their own activities, rather than the local people they claimed to help.
* The appropriation of local leadership and decision-making by people with no roots in slum communities.
* Reduction in the power of international organizations and foreign state departments.
* Urban social movements becoming increasingly bureaucratized and de-radicalized.

* NGOs as the true beneficiaries of their own activities, rather than the local people they claimed to help.
* The appropriation of local leadership and decision-making by people with no roots in slum communities.
* Urban social movements becoming increasingly bureaucratized and de-radicalized.

Tenure security via titling mitigates social differentiation in the slum and aid landlords, the actual majority of the poor in many cities.

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True

False

False

Davis argues that landlordism and property speculation:

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* Eventually improve the living conditions of the urban poor.
* Are limited to privately owned properties.
* Are indirect outcomes of structural adjustment programs (SAPs).
* Limit the corruption of officials and bureaucrats.
* Often involve wide profit margins, especially in the case of slum housing (eg. crude housing such as shacks)

* Are indirect outcomes of structural adjustment programs (SAPs).
* Often involve wide profit margins, especially in the case of slum housing (eg. crude housing such as shacks)

The ongoing spatial patterns of land use and overcrowding in slums are rooted in the legacy of imperial control and racism.

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True

False

True

Which of the following motivations contribute to state-sponsored slum evictions and slum clearance?

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* Remove unsightly informal settlements from view before hosting international events.
* Maximize profits for land owners and foreign investors.
* Remove informal residents who violate their legal housing contracts.
* Eliminate centers of potential resistance.
* Improve the living conditions of slum dwellers.

* Remove unsightly informal settlements from view before hosting international events.
* Maximize profits for land owners and foreign investors.
* Eliminate centers of potential resistance.

Davis argues that Marxist and socialist governments protect against forced evictions of slum communities, unlike governments of free-market economies in the west.

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True

False

False

Street vendors and informal entrepreneurs who locate in city centers are acting as:

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* Rational economic actors.
* Misguided risk takers.
* Risk-averse capitalists.
* Uniformed economic actors.
* Competitive economic actors.

* Rational economic actors.

The elaborate security and fortified boundaries of exclusive, closed suburbs and gated communities on the periphery of Third World cities symbolize:

\
* The eradication of poverty.
* An ‘architecture of elitism”.
* A ‘politics of fear’.
* A ‘politics of hope’.
* An ‘architecture of fear’.

* An ‘architecture of fear’.

For slum dwellers and squatters, housing decisions often involve balancing physical safety and public health against security from eviction.

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True

False

True

Davis characterizes landslides, floods, and earthquakes as artificial hazards.

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True

False

False

The growing use of private automobiles in cities of developing countries:

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* Reinforces the declining quality of public transport.
* Is an outcome of development agencies’ preference to finance roads rather than rails.
* Ensures poor people’s access to public transport.
* Increases job opportunities for the urban poor.
* Contributes to the health risk and high economic cost associated with air pollution, road deaths, and traffic injuries.

* Reinforces the declining quality of public transport.
* Is an outcome of development agencies’ preference to finance roads rather than rails.
* Contributes to the health risk and high economic cost associated with air pollution, road deaths, and traffic injuries.

According to Davis, the global sanitation crisis:

\
* Demonstrates the importance of NGOs in resolving urban poverty.
* Can be resolved by building pay toilets.
* Demonstrates the vast inequality that exists between the poor and the elite.
* Places a particularly heavy burden on women and girls.
* Can be entirely resolved by self-help initiatives.

* Demonstrates the vast inequality that exists between the poor and the elite.
* Places a particularly heavy burden on women and girls.

Nearly half of the population in the Global South is suffering from a disease related to the lack of clean water or sanitation.

\
True

False

True

Large speculative investments have been made in information technology, agricultural modernization, and transportation infrastructure.

\
True

False

False

The economic legacy of SAPs in Africa includes:

\
* Drastic cutbacks in urban public services.
* Capital flight.
* A steep decline in real wages.
* Increases in manufacturing exports.
* Efforts to reduce military expenditures.

* Drastic cutbacks in urban public services.
* Capital flight.
* A steep decline in real wages.

The food riot as a means of popular protest is a common feature of market societies.

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True

False

True

The Washington Consensus promotes a world in which:

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* Poor countries invest in welfare programs.
* The elimination of government subsidies devastates rural farmers.
* Replaying debts to foreign banks takes precedence over the needs of the poor.
* Public sector firms are downsized or privatized.
* Taxes on the middle and upper classes finance education and healthcare.

* The elimination of government subsidies devastates rural farmers.
* Replaying debts to foreign banks takes precedence over the needs of the poor.
* Public sector firms are downsized or privatized.

Davis claims that political upheavals occurred in cities and regions that experienced the sharpest increases in inequality.

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True

False

True

Davis argues that economic informality has increased with a vengeance since:

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* 1950
* 1960
* 1970
* 1980
* 1990

* 1980

Informal activity tends to promote upward mobility allowing urban slum dwellers to escape from poverty.

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True

False

False

Informal economic activity facilitates the worldwide exploitation of children, the largest sector of child labor being:

\
* Domestic service
* Prostitution
* Ragpicking
* Manufacturing
* Human organs

* Domestic service

Informal employment is by definition the absence of:

\
* Formal employment contracts
* Legal rights
* Bargaining power
* Housing security
* Socialist politics

* Formal employment contracts
* Legal rights
* Bargaining power

As described by Davis, the conditions that have contributed at least in part to the rise of ‘children witches’ in Kinshasa include:

\
* The collapse of the formal economy and state institutions.
* A growing middle class.
* Dramatic loss of public sector and civil service employment.
* An expanding manufacturing sector.
* The spread of Pentecostalism.

* The collapse of the formal economy and state institutions.
* Dramatic loss of public sector and civil service employment.
* The spread of Pentecostalism.

Which of the following terms refers to the decline of industries and their gradual disappearance from regions and other localities?

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Detroit syndrome

Deindustrialization

Urban decline

Unemployment

Industrialization

Deindustrialization

The spatial concentration of firms and industries within regions is referred to as:

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Regionalization

Industrialization

Agglomeration

Embeddedness

Spatial patterning

Agglomeration

The kind of formal knowledge that you can find in a manual or textbook is referred to as \[Term 1\], while the types of knowledge that relies on direct experience is referred to as \[Term 2\].

\
General Knowledge

Accessible Knowledge

Codified Knowledge

Innovative Knowledge

Tacit Knowledge

* Codified Knowledge
* Tacit Knowledge

The idea that it is possible to renew cities that have experienced deindustrialization, derelict buildings, population decline, environmental degradation, and decaying infrastructure is referred to as:

\
* Structural Adjustment
* Embeddedness
* Urban regeneration
* Relocation theory
* Central Place Theory

Urban regeneration

Human geography is interested in the ways industries, industrial clusters, and individual firms remain aloof and far removed from the socio-cultural context of specific places.

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True

False

False

Which of the following refer to the concept of the state?

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* An institution that governs a community of people that live in a geographic territory.
* A community of people who share a common identity in a geographic territory.
* A governing institution that has jurisdiction over a piece of geographic territory.
* Political institutions that control a certain piece of geographic territory.
* A dynamic community of shared identity involving spatial imagination.

* An institution that governs a community of people that live in a geographic territory.
* A governing institution that has jurisdiction over a piece of geographic territory.
* Political institutions that control a certain piece of geographic territory.

Which of the following refer to the idea or concept of a nation?

\
* A dynamic community of shared identity involving spatial imagination.
* A community of people who share a common identity.
* An institution that governs a community of people that live in a geographic territory.
* A governing institution that has jurisdiction over a piece of geographic territory.
* Political institutions that control a certain piece of geographic territory.

* A dynamic community of shared identity involving spatial imagination.
* A community of people who share a common identity.

Culture is a system of shared meanings based around things like religion, communities, language, customs, ethnicity, and other identities that are present in human life.

\
True

False

True

With regards to tourism, ___ across the planet are becoming things that we know about an expect or desire to consume.

\
* Imaginative Geographies
* Cultures
* States
* Places
* Nations

Places

Today, human geography straightforwardly conceptualizes landscapes as sets of observable cultural facts.

\
True

False

False

According to Robbins, which characteristics are good predictors for lawn chemical use?

\
* Age
* Pet ownership
* Education level
* Citizenship
* Income (rich/poor)

* Age
* Education level
* Income (rich/poor)

Political ecologists suggest that a meaningful understanding of land management requires a chain of explanation that includes:

\
* Land managers and their own unconstrained, sovereign choices.
* Politicians and their relation with each other.
* Relation of land managers with each other, other land users, and boarder society.
* State and world economy relation with land manager.
* Land managers and their direct relation with the land.

* Relation of land managers with each other, other land users, and boarder society.
* State and world economy relation with land manager.
* Land managers and their direct relation with the land.

Hegemony is the pervasive power to turn enforcement into something that appears:

\
* Spontaneous
* Enjoyable
* Profitable
* Painless
* Coercive

Spontaneous

To understand why people chose to have lawn, Robbins argues that we need to consider the role of ideology in guiding our behaviors and our sense of self.

\
True

False

True

Robbins thinks that the lawn people can be best described as “conservative”.

\
True

False

False

The term lawn, referring to a managed grass landscape, does not occur before the:

\
* 15th Century
* 13h Century
* 16th Century
* 14th Century
* 17th Century

16th Century

From its inception in England, lawn was characterized by:

\
* Political elitism
* Aristocratic privilege
* Land expropriation
* Ancient tradition
* Common action

* Political elitism
* Aristocratic privilege
* Land expropriation

According to Robbins, lawns are a strategy of the state for making empowered and engaged citizens.

\
True

False

False

Which of the following individuals said that in the United States “we see a great many poor lawns and very few good ones, and a poor lawn should be considered as inexcusable a home feature as a ragged or soiled carpet”.

\
* Thomas Jefferson
* Andrew Jackson Downing
* George Washington
* Frederick Law Olmstead
* Samuel Parsons

Samuel Parsons

Robbins argues that, rather than being an expression of American culture, front lawns were designed to:

\
* Promote outdoor exercise
* Produce American culture
* Produce sustainable environments
* Suppress individually of lower income homeowners.
* Promote home ownership

Produce American culture

Which of the following are considered evolutionary advantages of turf grass?

\
* Their growth tissue occurs at the base of the leaf or shoot.
* Their growth tissue occurs at the tip of the leaf or shoot.
* They are able to send out side shoots and the existence of their vertical stems, which can grow only above ground.
* They are immune to any negative impacts from invasive insects or weeds.
* They have extraordinary room systems that allow the species to thrive in extreme temperatures.

* Their growth tissue occurs at the base of the leaf or shoot.
* They have extraordinary room systems that allow the species to thrive in extreme temperatures.

According to Robbins, grasses are both opportunistic growers and tough survivors.

\
True

False

True

The American Lawn ideal is a managed grass space which is:

\
* Goes to seed only once in the winter.
* Free of weeds.
* Green throughout the year.
* Uniform in length across the surface.
* Interspersed with flowers.

* Free of weeds.
* Green throughout the year.
* Uniform in length across the surface.

New building development and the construction of new homes creates:

\
* Ideal soil conditions for turf grass.
* Weed-resistant environments.
* Impoverished and compacted soils.
* Loose, nutrient-rich soil from deeper depths of ground matter.
* Ideal planting environments for gardens.

Impoverished and compacted soils.

According to Robbins, the process of land conversion for new housing development in North America is inherently bad for plant growth.

\
True

False

True

According to Robbins, competing claims over the harmful effects of lawn chemicals is one honest disagreement about complex issues.

\
True

False

True

Which of the following actors in the lawn industry face pressure to look busy to the consumer and may overuse chemicals is not considered:

\
* Policy makers
* User/homeowner
* Formulator
* Applicators
* Producer/Manufacturer

Applicators

According to Robbins, the lawn chemicals that represent a hazard to the collective good are represented by the lawn industry as:

\
* Policy making decisions
* Distinct individual actions
* Proper community behavior
* Important for the family
* Problematic for the family

* Proper community behavior
* Important for the family

The largest and most powerful players in the lawn industry face the least serious immediate consequences of chemical use.

\
True

False

True

Which best describes “pull” marketing?

\
* Relies on bulk seasonal sales to small retail stores.
* Relies heavily on a knowledgable, motivated sales tariff.
* Concentrates on creating demand at the customer level.
* Focuses on direct marketing to lawn care companies.
* Typical, traditional approach to marketing of the 20th century.

Concentrates on creating demand at the customer level.

According to Robbins, chemical use on lawns is correlated with awareness of one’s neighbors.

\
True

False

True

Robbins argues that the rhythms and behaviors of lawn communities are dictated by the patterns, pace, and ecological needs of turf grasses.

\
True

False

True

According to Robbins, intensive lawn care management characterizes which of the following:

\
* A highly regulated community.
* Distain for insects and pests.
* Individual choices.
* The presence of lawn care services in the area.
* A fragmented community.

A highly regulated community.

In lawn communities, the use of lawn chemicals confers social rewards on those that do this:

\
True

False

True

According to Robbins, which of the following reasons were typically given to explain lawn chemical use in Kingberry Court:

\
* Advertising on television.
* Hectic lives.
* Responsibility to one’s neighbors.
* Personal desire for American lawn.
* Trust in experts.

* Hectic lives.
* Responsibility to one’s neighbors.
* Trust in experts.

Most of the practical alternative lawn care options available to individuals are high-cost, complex, and based on scarcely available information and resources.

\
True

False

False

Which of the following mechanisms restrict the use of lawn alternatives:

\
* NGOs
* Covenants
* Weed laws
* Deeds
* Wills

* Covenants
* Weed laws
* Deeds

According to Robbins, most homeowner opposition to maintaining a front lawn ends in:

\
* Surrender
* Success
* Banishment
* Legal reform
* Xeriscaping

Surrender

Which of the following landscapes are promoted by advocates of lawn replacement?

\
* Common Bermudagrass
* Oak-hickory forest
* Clover
* Rock gardens
* Kentucky bluegrass

* Oak-hickory forest
* Clover
* Rock gardens

According to Robbins, in what way are lawn alternatives not really an alternative for lawn people?

\
* They can cause weed and pest epidemics in the neighborhood.
* They also create demands and landscape desires, equally rooted in the anxieties of lawn people.
* They also force people to please their neighbors and abide by weed laws.
* They also create harried lifestyles and personal unhappiness.
* They also require people to utilize synthetic, potentially hazardous chemicals to repel weed/insects.

They also create demands and landscape desires, equally rooted in the anxieties of lawn people.

Which of the following visual variables are effective in showing qualitative differences on maps?

\
* Color
* Hue
* Shape
* Texture
* Size

* Shape
* Texture

Although some projections distort both angles and areas, some projections can be both conformal and equivalent.

\
True

False

False

In order for a map to be useful and accurate, the map must tell some lies.

\
True

False

True

Which map projection preserves areal relationships such as the relative sizes of continents?

\
* Gnomonic
* Equivalent
* Mercador
* Conformal
* Meridian

Equivalent

Which term is used for the angle, measured north or south from the equator that identifies a particular parallel on spherical earth?

\
* Northing
* Longitude
* Easting
* Meridian
* Latitude

Latitude