12 human anatomy (histology)

Thoracic Cavity

pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum

dorsal cavity

cranial, spinal

4 types of tissue

epithelium, connective, muscle, neural

4 main funtions of epithelia

protection, absorption, excretion, secretion

5 mian characteristics of epithelial tissues

cellular, basement membrane, avascular, regeneration, polarity

4 types of membranes

mucous, synovial, serous, cutaneous

3 types of Connective tissues

proper, supporting, and fluid based

3 basic components that all tissues share

specialized cells, matrix, and fibers

three types of loose CT

adipose CT, reticular CT, Areolar CT

4 types of proper CT

dense irregular, dense regular, loose CT, and elastic CT

loose CT

fills spaces between organs

dense regular CT

dense collagen fiber network (string cheese fibers)

dense irregular CT

fibers make a chaotic meshwork (strong in all directions)

elastic CT

fiber directions mostly straight

where is Supporting CT found?

bone and cartilage

where is Fluid-Based CT found?

blood and lymph

functions of the skin

1. protection from abrasion/chemicals/pathogens/UV light

2. prevention of water loss and temp. regulation

3. synthesis of Vit. D

4. sensory reception

5. communication of emotions

6. storage of fat

7. excretion of water, electrolytes, and drugs

three layers of the skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

collagen

digestible

keratin

indigestible protein

melanin

skin pigment

carotene

skin pigment (carrots)

skin color comes from what?

blood, carotene, melanin

5 layers of Epidermis from closest to the dermis to the outerlayer

stratum germinativum

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

2 layers of dermis

reticular and papillary

two types of hair

vellus, terminal

two types of gland

exocrine and endocrine

immediately release products to the outside

merocrine glands

products accumulate at the distal end of the cell and are released together with small amounts of the cell itself

apocrine glands

cell fragments and cell products are released together from the gland. cells are quickly replaced by MITOSIS

halocrine glands

5 types of exocrine glands found in skin

merocrine sweat glands

apocrine sweat glands

mammary glands

ceruminous glands

sebaceous glands

*These glands are found in palms, soles, most of body.

*simple watery secretion- temp regulation

*500ml/day or 500 ml/hr (active)

merocrine sweat glands

*limited distribution - to the axilla and anogentil regions

*activated at puberty, often odorous

*Phermones: emotions, sex-status

apocrine sweat glands

*evolved from apocrine glands on body wall

*mixed: apocrine/merocrine machanism

*salt, calcium, phosphate, lipids, and protein

Mammary Glands

*in ear canal

*mixed mechanisms: apocrine and holocrine

ceruminous glands

*bactericide, waterproofs, and moisturizes

*head, chest, back

*boils/acne

sebaceous glands

Rosacea

-sebaceous gland hyperplasia

- inflammation gives rosy appearance to the face

cyanosis

oxygen deficit

- blueish tinge in thin skin

ulcer (sore)

localized shedding of the epithelium

decubitis ulcer

-bed-ridden/pressure

-kills cells and causes sores

wrinkles

collagen/elasict fibers damaged by chemicals and UV

damage to dermis/epidermis \= wrinkles and cancer

excessive UV exposure

smooth muscle response- fear/rage/cold

goose bumps

folliculitis

bacteria in hair follicle causes inflammation (ingrown hair)

seborrheic dermatitis

inflammation of over-active sebaceous glands (dandruff)

3 structural types of cartilage

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

collagen fibers

elstic cartilage

elastin fibers

fibrocartilage

densely inter-woven collagen fibers

5 specific functions of bone tissue

structural support

storage of minerals and lipids

blood cell production

protection

leverage

4 types of bone cells

osteoprogenitor

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

osteocytes

osteoprogenitor

undifferentiated (stem)

osteoblasts

produce new bone matrix

osteocytes

-mature osteoblasts surrounded by their own matrix

-cycle/recycle calcium levels in the bone matrix

osteoclasts

remove bone matrix

diaphysis

tubular shaft

epiphysis

expanded area at ends of bones

metaphysis

zone btw. diaphysis and epiphysis

epiphyseal line

remnant of metaphysis

nutrient foramen

hole in diaphysis for blood vessel

marrow cavity

cavity within diaphysis

yellow bone marrow

contains fat cells

red bone marrow

contains blood cells (hematopoiesis)

2 layers of the periosteum

*outer fibrous layer