Health final concepts

How do you evaluate a source of health information?

a. Is the source or author qualified?

b. Bias (are they trying to sell the product?)

c. Do other reliable sources reach the same conclusion?

d. Date of information

macronutrients

Nutrients required in relatively large amount by the human body (carbs, fats, protein). Water is also frequently classified as a macronutrient.

carbohydrates

supplying energy for the body’s function

proteins

repair and maintenance of muscles and tissues

fats

stored energy and protection

water

maintains homeostasis

Micronutrients

Nutrients required in small amounts for normal growth and development (vitamins, minerals)

vitamins

made by living things that assist in many chemical reactions in the body

minerals

occur naturally in rock and soil and contribute to normal growth and development

Understand how to read food labels and understand how ingredients are listed.

Ingredients are listed by weight, most to least. Check first 3 ingredients

types of eating disorders

anorexia, bulimia, binge eating

Anorexia

Doesn't eat enough food to maintain a healthy body weight

__symptoms__ - extreme weight loss, slowed HR and and breathing rate, dry skin, and lower body temperature.

__Health Risks__ - can starve to death, or does not have enough minerals to keep the heart going

__Treatment__ - hospitalization, and psychotherapy

Bulimia

Uncontrolled binges followed by purging, or removing, the food from their bodies.

__Symptoms__ - unable to control binge eating, eating in private, throwing food up purposefully, eating food too quickly, weight gain and loss, bathroom visits after eating, hoarding or storing food.

__Health Risks__ - dehydration, kidney damage, and a lack of vitamins

__Treatment__ - seek medical professional, psychotherapy

Binge eating disorder

Uncontrollable urge to eat large amounts of food

__symptoms__ - cannot stop eating even when they are full.

__health risk__ - excess weight gain and unhealthy dieting.

__treatment__ - psychotherapy

examples of processed foods

Food additives, hydrogenated oils, high-fructose corn syrup

the different elements of physical fitness

Cardiorespiratory endurance, Muscular endurance, Muscular strength, Flexibility, Body composition

Cardiorespiratory endurance

the ability of the heart and lungs to work together to send fuel and oxygen to body tissues during exercise

Muscular endurance

the overall amount of time a muscle can contract without tiring

Muscular strength

the amount of weight you can lift is a measure of this element

Flexibility

stretching before and after exercise is a good way to improve this element

Body composition

the ratio of body fat to lean body tissue

heat and cold weather illnesses

heat stroke, heat exhaustion, frostbite, hypothermia

heat exhaustion

* when in sun for too long without water
* cool, pale, moist skin; headache, nausea, dizziness;

weakness or exhaustion; heavy sweating; muscle cramps
* cool quickly

heat stroke

* when in sun too long
* confusion or strange behavior; red, hot, dry skin;

inability to drink due to vomiting; shallow breathing, seizures,

unconsciousness
* cool quickly

frost bite

* Condition that results when body tissues become frozen
* lack of feeling in affected area; skin that appears waxy or discolored and is cold to the touch


* warm slowly

hypothermia

* Cooling of the body to below 95 degrees.
* shivering, numbness or weakness; glassy stare; confusion or impaired consciousness


* warm slowly

terms associated with different types of advertising

scientific studies, slogans/jingles, bandwagon approach, testimonial, comparison, emotional appeal, price appeal, price appeal, health fraud

Scientific Studies

Scientific tests prove the product’s effectiveness

Slogans/Jingles

Music/phrase associated with a product

Bandwagon Approach

Everyone is using the product, you should too

Testimonial

Product is effective because trustworthy people recommend it

Comparison

This product is more effective than others

Emotional Appeal

The product is safest for you and your family

Price Appeal

The product gives you more for your money

Health Fraud

The sale of useless medical treatments/products

types of cancer

lymphomas, leukemias, carcinomas, sarcomas

lymphomas

Cancer of the infection fighting cells of the immune system

leukemias

Cancers of the blood forming organs

Carcinomas

Cancer that arises from the cells that make up the skin or the tissue that lines internal organs (skin, liver, kidney)

sarcomas

cancers of connective tissue, including bones, ligaments, and muscle

causes of cancer

Heredity and environment

heredity

Some people inherit mutated or abnormal genes that may allow cells to reproduce too rapidly

oncogene

A normal gene that has changed into a cancer causing gene

environment

Carcinogens can cause mutations in genes that control cell reproduction (UV rays, tobacco, asbestos, arsenic, some pesticides)

reduce cancer risk factors

* Maintain a Healthy Weight
* Be physically active
* Manage Stress
* Avoid Smoking and Drinking Alcohol

best way to treat cancer

detect early and treat immediately

Cancer treatment

* Surgery (removes cancerous masses)
* Radiation therapy (rays from radioactive substances towards cells)
* Chemotherapy (drugs slow reproduction of bad cells)
* Immunotherapy (recognize specific cancers and destroy it)

different types of non-communicable diseases

diabetes (type 1, type 2), cancer, cardiovascular disease, arthritis

type 1

A disease in which the pancreas produces little to no insulin, resulting in high blood sugar

type 2

A condition where the pancreas provides sufficient insulin, but the body cells no longer respond normally to the insulin, resulting in high blood sugar

arthritis

results in joint stiffness, joint pain, or swelling in one or more joints

Cardiovascular Disease

most common chronic diseases, diseases of the heart and blood vessels

different types of communicable diseases

bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoan

Bacteria

* Single celled microorganisms that live everywhere
* Injure cells by releasing toxins
* destroyed by immune system/antibiotics

virus

* smallest pathogen
* enter living cell and duplicate

fungi

* Plantlike, molds, and yeast
* Live in warm, dark, moist areas

Protozoan

* Single celled, larger, and more complex than bacteria
* Move through fluids in search of food

different types of STD

Trichomoniasis, Human Papillomavirus (genital warts), Chlamydia, Genital herpes, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis, Syphilis

Trichomoniasis

* protozoan
* An STD caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of the urinary tract or vagina
* Can be treated
* If left untreated, can lead to urethritis in males and vaginitis in females.

Human Papillomavirus (genital warts) (HPV)

* virus
* Most common viral STD in the US
* Often causes no symptoms so people may not know they are infected
* Some strains remain in the body for life and can cause cervical cancer in women.
* If symptoms do present, it is usually in the form of genital warts that itch or burn.

Chlamydia

* bacteria
* Most common bacterial STD in the US


* Can lead to infertility in both males and females
* Can be transmitted to baby during birth if mother has Chlamydia.

Genital herpes

* virus
* An STD caused by the herpes simplex virus
* Most people who have it are asymptomatic. Those who show symptoms typically have blister like sores in the genital area that occur periodically.
* Doctors can prescribe medicine to relieve the discomfort and dry up the blisters, but there is no cure

Gonorrhea

* bacteria
* A bacterial STD that infects the urinary tract of males and females, and the reproductive organs of females.
* If untreated it can lead to infertility in both males and females
* Infants born to mothers with gonorrhea can contract eye infections that cause blindness

Hepatitis

* virus
* Hepatitis B and C are viral STDs that attack the liver.
* People are often unaware they are infected because symptoms are not seen until the virus damages the liver; the most common symptoms are fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, and jaundice.
* Can lead to liver cancer or cirrhosis
* Medications may relieve symptoms but there is no cure.

Syphilis

* bacteria
* A bacterial STD that progresses through 3 stages:

\-       1st stage: Painful sore called a chancre appears on the site of exposure.

\-       2nd stage: Sores appear in the mouth and flu-like symptoms develop. A rash often appears on the hands and feet.

\-       3rd stage: Symptoms may disappear for years. During this time, the bacteria is attacking internal parts of the body such as the brain and heart.

* Untreated Syphilis can cause brain damage, paralysis, heart disease, and death.
* Can be treated and cured with antibiotics in early stages.
* Once the disease progresses beyond the second stage, the bacteria can be killed, but any damage that has already occurred is permanent.
* A pregnant woman with syphilis will pass the disease to the baby and can damage the baby’s skin, bones, eyes, teeth, and liver.

HIV/AIDS

* if HIV is not treated, it can lead to aids
* Sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash, aches, fatigue, chills. High viral load, easily transmits HIV, bad immune system, can get serious illnesses, fatal

leading cause of death

heart disease, and then cancer

stages of alcoholism

drinking problem, absolute dependence, late stage alcoholism

drinking problem (stage 1)

uses alcohol to relive stress of escape problems

absolute dependence (stage 2)

* totally dependent, cannot stop after only one drink, constant need to drink.
* Dominates their life

Late stage alcoholism (stage 3)

* lose their mental, emotional, and physical health
* They’re isolated, their whole lives revolve around drinking
* Malnutrition, liver and brain damage, cancer, lung and heart disease

binge drinking

* Consuming a lot of alcohol in one sitting, 5+ for a man and 4+ for a woman
* brings alcohol to 0.08 BAC

different categories of drugs

narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, marijuana, club drugs, inhalants

narcotics

mood altering drug, chemical affecting brain activity, relieves pain

depressants

* Psychoactive drugs that slow down brain and body reactions.


* Causes decreased HR, lower BP, and decreased breathing rates.

common depressant - alcohol, opiates, CNS depressant, barbiturates

stimulants

* A drug that speeds up activities of the CNS.
* Stimulants cause increased HR, BP, breathing rate, and alertness.

common stimulants - amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, nicotine

hallucinogens

* Drugs that distort perception, thought, and mood.
* Hallucinogens overload the brain with sensory information, causing a distorted sense of reality.

common hallucinogens - LSD, Psilocybin, PCP

marijuana

* The leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the hemp plant *Cannabis sativa.*
* *One of the most frequently abused psychoactive drugs.*
* *Main ingredient changes the way information reaches and is acted upon by the brain.*

club drugs

* gained popularity at dance clubs and raves

common club drugs - ecstasy, rohypnol, GHB, ketamine

inhalants

* Substances whose fumes are sniffed and inhaled to achieve a mind-altering effect
* Chemical being inhaled replaces oxygen in the brain.

Clinical depression

A prolonged feeling of sadness or hopelessness

Comparing stress, anxiety, and depression

Stress is a short-term response to a daily problem, while anxiety is your prolonged reaction to the stress, and depression is in general, affecting every little thing in your life

Best way to minimize disease spread

Washing hands

different types of medical professionals

primary care physician, specialist

primary care physician

visit first, cover routine medical needs, preventative care

Specialist

* Trained in a specific branch of medicine
* Dermatologist, Neurologist, Oncologist, Cardiologist.

difference between fraud and malpractice

Health Fraud

The sale of useless medical treatments or products.

* Claims this is the only possible cure.
* Promised results seem too good to be true
* Product or treatment is said to cure many different ailments
* Product is said to contain “special” or “secret” ingredients

malpractice

Failure by a health professional to meet accepted standard

difference between the types of care offered by

hospitals, emergency rooms, primary care provider, outpatient clinics, urgent care

hospitals

Diagnosis and treatment of serious disorders, both inpatient and outpatient

scenario - an elderly citizen is scheduled for an inpatient procedure to remove growths form their large intestine.

emergency rooms

(Emergency Room or ER) Located within most hospitals, provide care for potentially life threatening injuries or illnesses

scenario - athlete experiences a traumatic bone break injury during a competition and needs immediate medical attention

primary care provider

Take care of most people’s routine medical needs including preventative care.

scenario - person experiences an extended sore throat that kept them from work

outpatient clinics

Outpatient care that cannot be performed at doctor’s office. not overnight

scenario - man will have an outpatient procedure to remove a worrisome mole on his neck

urgent care

Usually handle urgent medical issues that are not life threatening.

scenario - woman experiences rapid onset of flu-like symptoms that are non-life threatening, but after normal business hours.

aerobic vs anaerobic

aerobic is less intense and longer while anaerobic is more intense and shorter (period of time)

aerobic

Any activity that uses large muscle groups, is rhythmic in nature, and increases your heart rate and breathing rate.

activities - running, cycling, swimming, dancing

anaerobic

intense short bursts of activity in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen

activities - running 100m dash, lifting weights

3 phases of basic exercise

warm-up, workout, cooldown

warm-up

5-10 minute period of mild exercise that prepares the body for more vigorous activity