FAD EXAM 2 (4,5,6)

What are external changes in preschool children ?

body shape, length of arms and legs, head-to-body ratio

Internal changes in preschool children

muscle size and strength, bones becomed sturdier, senses develop and become more sensitive

Nutrition needs in preschool children

less food, growth slows

variety of low fat, nutritious foods

high iron, low sodium, and low fat foods

Vitamin A and C

-GMO

-Should be given chance to develop food preferences

Most common illness is preschoolers

colds

Accidents in preschool children

-Increased activity= more accidents

-Boys and those with low socioeconomic status are more at risk

-Childproofing helps

-Enviornmental toxins (lead)

What happens with gross motor skills in preschoolers

gross and fine motor skills are improving

Increased myelination and practice

Gender differences in preschoolers

boys are stronger and more active

girls have better dexterity and coordination

Bowel and bladder in preschoolers

toilet training readiness

toilet training if delayed in preschoolers if

-signs of resistance

-challenges in environment

Gross motor skills at age 3 in early childhood

-able to walk up stairs, alternating feet

-unable to stop or turn suddently

-able to jump 15-24 feet

gross motor skills at age 4 in early childhood

• able to walk down long staircase, alternating feet, with assistance

• have some control in starting, sleeping, and turning

• length of jump increases to 24-33

gross motor skills at age 5 in early childhood

• able to walk down a long staircase, alternating

• capable of starting, stopping, and turning in games

• able to make a running jump of 26-36

What are example of fine motor skills in preschoolders

cutting with scissors, tying shoes, playing the piano

Handedness in preschoolers

-shows clear preference

-90% are right handed

-more boys are left handed than girls

Sensorimotor in preschool years

(0-2 years) : Coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity about the world. Language used for demands and cataloguing. Object permanece developed

Preoperational in preschool years

(2-7) years: symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express full concepts. Imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thought still difficult. Conversation developed.

Concrete Operational in preschoolers

Concepts attatched to concrete situations. Time, space, and quantity are understoof and can be applied, but not as independent concepts.

Formal Operational in preschoolers

(11+) : Theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking. Abstract logic and reasoning. Strategy and planning became possible. Concepts learned in one context can be applied to another

Piaget’s preoperational stage

• sensorimotor activity leads to internal images of experience, which children label with words.

• advances in mental representation

• development of make-believe play

• gains in understanding of symbol-real-world relations

Development of make-believe

• with growing symbolic mastery play

• detatches from real-life conditions associated with it

• becomes less self-centered

• includes more complex combinations of schemes

benefits of make-believe

-gains in social competence

-stregthens cogntitive capactities

sustained attention

inhibition of impulses

memory

logical reasoning

language and literacy

imagination, creativity, and perspective taking

Egocentrism

-childs ability to see a situation from another persons POV

-demonstrated by a piaget three-mountains problem

Animistic thinking

-Belief that non-living objects, think,feel, and act like humans, or think like an animisitc way

magical thinking

assigning human purposes to physical events

what influences cognitive development

culture and societies

what causes cognition to proceed

collaborative social interactions

Zone of proximal development

-child can perform task with assitance and cogntive abilities increase

scaffolding

the process of breaking lessons into manageable units

cultural tools

items like pencil, paper, and computers

What happens during language development

increase in number or words used and sentence structure

-between late 2s and mid 3s, sentence length increases

syntax doubles each month

by age 6, vocabulary 14,000 words achieved

Fast mapping

by age 3 children use, plurals and possessives, employ past tense, ask and answer complex questions

Private speech

• Aspect of language that relates to a communicating effectively and appropriately with others.

• improved thinking

• better control of behavior

• solve more problems

• improves pragmatics

what did Vygotsky say about private speech

used as a guide to behvaior and thought

Media and screen time in the lives of preschoolers

• avg. preschooler is exposed to over 4 hours per day of screen time

• almost 70% of 4-6 year olds have used computer

• 20% have sent emails with parents help

Varitety of early education

-child care centers

-family child care centers

-preschools

-school child care

preschools do what ?

-focus on different aspects of development

-diverse in the activities they provide

-montessori schools foster sensory, motor, and language development

-preschool readiness programs are a good investment

Quality of child care

-well trained providers

-good child-to- caregiver ratio

-age appropraite curriculum

-rich language environment

-socially and emotionally supportive

-developmentally appropriate activities and materials

-sensitive to health/safety needs

-developmental screenings

-Quality nutrition

-Good family support

Erik Eriksons eight-stage theory: initivate vs guilt

ages 3-6; childrends face conflits between desire to act independently parents and guilts if they dont succeed

• begin to make their own decisions

Self concept

thinking about self

preschools ____ skills and knowledge

overestimate

Gender

sense of being male or female

manifested in play

boys play with boys, girls with girls

What are male stereotypes vs, girls in regards to gender

males more independent, forceful, and competiitve

females warmer,more nurtuing, expressive, and submissive

children hold stronger gender stereotypes than adults do

By what age do children develop real friends

age 3

what do friendships in preschoolers focus on

shared activities

Types of play (Parten 1932)

Parallel play

Onlooker play

Associative play

Cooperative play

What is nature of play influenced by

experiences

What did Vygotsky argue about the social aspects of play

pretend play expands cogntive skills and cultural background guides play

nansocial activity

unoccupied on looker behavior or solitary play

parallel play

playing near other children with similar toys, without trying to influence them

Parenting teaching styles (Baumrind 1971, 1980)

• Authrotarian

• Permissive

• Authoriative

• Uninvolved

How many childres a year are killed by caretakers each year ?

500

How many children are physically injured yearly ?

140,000

what is the ratio of abuse in boys and girls before they turn 18

1 in 6 boys, and 1 in 4 girls

Who is the typical perpetrator for child abuse

relative or acquaintance

male hetersexual

Psychological Maltreatment

harming childrens behavioral, cogntive, emotional, or physical functioning

includes frightening, belitting, humilating, or neglecting

results in lasting damage (self esteem, lying, misbehavior, underachievement, increase in criminal behavior, aggression, murder, depresseion, or suicide)

brain changes

Perspectives on moral development

Psychoanayltic

Social Learning theory

Cogntive Developmental Perspective

Psychoanaltyic

freud children identify with the same sex parent and obey superego to avoid guilt and emphasas inductive discipline

Social Learning theory

modeling promotes moral behavior, children internalize prosocial rules, harsh punishment has negative side effects

Cognitive Developmental perspectives

children are active thinkers about social rules, make moral judgement based on concepts on justice and fairness

Aggression and violence in preschoolers

instrumental aggression (boys)

relational aggression (girls)

Sources of Aggression

Gender, Family, Conflict, Social information, media influences

Height and weight changes in middle childhood

• grow 2-3 inches per year

• girls are shorter than boys until about age 9, then trend reverse

• children gain 5-7 pounds per year

• large variations in height occur

• height/weight impacted by poor nutrition and racial background

• variation due to genetics

• asian and ocean pacific children are shorter than northern and central european children

Gross motor skills in middle school children

• develops over middle childhood

• improves muscle coordination

• good time for sports

Advances in fine motor skills in middle school children

writing- master of uppercase lettersm then lower cases, increased legibility

drawing- in organization, details, representation of depth

ability to copy two-dimensional shapes

ability to relate objects to another as a part of an organized whole

Learning disabilities

discrepancies between achievement and capacity to learn

-difficulties in listening, speaking, writing, reading, reasoning, and mathematical abilities

one learning disabilities that result in reversal of letters during reading and writing

dyslexia

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

-occur in 3-5% of school aged children

common signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

• difficulty to finish task, follow instructions, and organize work

• figeting, squirming, inability to watch tv

• frequent interruption of others/ execessive talking

• tendency to jump into a task before hearing all instructions

• hard time waiting in seat

who is more likely to have ADHD

boys

Piagets theory: The concrete operational stage

conservation

decentration

reversibility

classification

seriation

decentration

focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them, rather than centering on one

reversibility

capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction

seriation

transitive inference, ability to seriate mentally (A>B,B>B,A>C)

Spatial reasoning

Cogntive maps: mental representation of spaces

Language development of middle school aged children

-vocab, syntax, pragmatics improve

metalinguistic awareness grows

language is used as a self-control device

what group of students show more metalinguistic awareness, grasps the rules of language more explicitely, and demonstrate greater congnitive sophistication

Bilingual students

Who developed the theory of mutiple intelligence and define it

Howard Gardner suggest that there are 8 types of intelligence “frame of mind”

-verbal

mathematical

spatial

bodily-kinesthetic

musical

interpersonal

intrapersonal

naturalist

Industry

developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks

Industry combines several developments of middle childhood:

-positive but realistic self-concept

-pride in accomplishment

-moral responsibility

-cooperative participation with agemates

Inferiority

pessisimism and lack of confidence in ones ability to do things well

self-esteem

developing a positive or negative view of oneself

self esteem in middle school aged children

-children compare themselves to others

-children develop their own standards

-changes and stability in self-esteem

-most childrens self esteem increase in middle school

-low self esteem may become a cycle of failure

-parents can break this cycle by promoting self-esteem using an authoritative childearing style

Friendships in middle school

-become more complex and psychologically based

-trust is a defining feature

-friendships become more selective

what makes a child popular?

social competence

-helpful and cooperative

-good sense of humor

good emotional understanding

adapt well to social situations

Dodge argues problem solving

proceeds through steps related to info processing ability

-find and identity relevant social cues

-interept and evaluate the social cues

-determine possible problem solving responses

-evaluate responses and their possible consequences

-choose a response

Determinants of puberty : a number of complex factors are involved

-heredity/genes

-hormones

-weight/body fat

-sociocultural and environmental factors

testosterone is an

androgen

rising testosterone levels are associatied with a numer of physical changes in boys

-developmental of external genitals, increase in height, voice changes, sexual desire and activity

what is the estrogen that plays a important role in female pubertal development

estrogen

As estradol level rises in girls

breast development, uterine development, skeletal changes

Growth spurt

• puberty brings forth most rapid increase in growth since infancy

• occurs approx. 2 years earlier for girls (age 9) and then boys (age 11) on average

• the peak of pubertal change occurs at 11 ½ for years girls. 13 ½ years for boys

• girls increase in height 3 ½ ; boys about 4

Sexual Maturation in male pubertal characterstics order of development

-increased penis / testicles size

-appearance of straight pubic hair

-minor voice change

-first ejaculation

-appearance of kinky pubic hair

-onset of maximum growth

-growth of armpit hair

-more detectable voice changes

-growth of facial

Female pubertal characterisitcs order of developmental

-breast development

-growth of pubic hair

-growth of armpit hair

-height gain

-hips become wider than shoulders

-first menstruation

-no compatable voice changes

Formal Operational Stage

-emerges at 11-15 years of age

-more abstract than concrete operational thought

-adolescents can conjure make up believe situations and try to reason logically about them

-increased tendency to think about thought itself (metacognition)

-idealism and possibilties

hypothetical deductive reasoning

the ability to develop hypothesis, or best guesses, about how to solve problems

Info processing

includes how info gets into the adolescents mind, how it is stored,and how they retrieve info to think about solve problems

info processing is a

framework for thinking about adolescent development and how adolescents minds work

info processing changes as children transition from

adolescence to adult

info processing is influenced by both the

capacity and speed of processing (cogntiive resources)

more info processing psychologist argue that an increase in capacity improves processing of into