SA tech skills Final Exam

normal heart rate for a dog

60-120 bpm

normal heart rate for puppy

110-180 bpm

normal heart rate for cat

120-140 bpm

normal heart rate for kitten

140-220 bpm

small dog heart rate

80-120 bpm

large dog heart rate

60-80 bpm

how to calculate heart rate and respiratory rate

count for 15 seconds then multiply by 4

dogs normal respiratory rate

10-34 bpm

cats normal respiratory rate

16-40 bpm

normal temp range for dogs and cats

100-102.5 F

it is best to have a ___ second thermometer

8

what does it mean when an animal is worked up and has a 103 fever

spiking on the table

what do pink and moist mucus membranes mean

normal BP and O2 levels

what do pale, light pink mucus membranes mean

possible anemia and could be due to shock or blood loss

what do brick red mucus membranes mean

vasodilation due to fever, shock, or sepsis

what do blue mucus membranes mean

insufficient oxygen due to respiratory distress or hypoxemia

what do petechiae mucus membranes mean

possible clotting disorder due to DIC or platelet disorder

what do yellow mucus membranes mean

bilirubin build up, icteric due to liver dysfunction

what is mild dehydration

5-6% sluggish skin tent

what is moderate dehydration

7-9% skin tents for several seconds, eyes sunken, tacky mucus membranes

what is severe dehydration

10-12% very delayed skin tenting, prolonged capillary refill time, dry mucus membranes, sunken eyes

13-15%

what is normal capillary refill time

less than 2 seconds

what are the different levels of body condition score

obese, overweight, normal, thin, and emaciated

what are the most common abnormal lung sounds

crackles and wheezes

what does an absence of lung sounds in the ventral lung field indicate

pleural effusion

what does an absence of lung sounds in the dorsal lung field indicate

pneumothorax masses and lung consolidation

on which side do we hear pulmonic aortic and mitral

left

on which side do we hear tricuspid

right

what is grade 1 of a heart murmur

very quiet, only audible after listening for several seconds

what is grade 2 heart murmur

quiet but can be heard immediately

what is grade 3 heart murmur

moderate intensity easily audible

what is grade 4 heart murmur

louder than normal heartbeat

what is a grade 5 heart murmur

loud can be detected by feeling the chest wall
precordial thrill

what is grade 6 heart murmur

very loud audible without using stethoscope

should you feel the liver in dog or cat

no

should you feel kidneys in dog or cat

dog: no
cat: yes

what is the difference between papules and pustules

papule: small pink or red elevated skin lesion
pustule: contains pus and has a pink or red base with a white tip

what lymph nodes do we palpate

submandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal, and popliteal

what senses and types of communication do animals use

non-verbal communication, smell, hearing, vision, and touch

what things do we need to be aware of with an animal's sense of smell

shouldn't put a prey animal in an exam room that just had a predator
urine from an intact animal may cause behavior changes

dogs cannot focus on objects closer than

30 cm

what types of petting is more calming

firm hard strokes rather than repeated patting

what is agnostic behavior

how animals respond to conflict
may include avoidance or aggression
all animals have a safe zone

what are the types of aggressive behavior

irritable or pain induced aggression
maternal aggression
predatory aggression
territorial aggression
fear induced aggression
intermale aggression
dominance aggressionw

what types of aggression did we not talk about

excitatory aggression
prey induced agression

3 different types of restraint

verbal: quiet but firm voice
Physical: your hand, towels, blankets, control poles, muzzles
Chemical: aggressive patients. less stressful for patient and handler

indications for restraint

provide necessary control of animal to provide appropriate medical treatment
prevent harm to animal
safety of personnel

what do we do when to avoid injury when restraining

never let go!

do cats like more or less restraint

less is more

how to restrain small dogs and cats for jugular venipuncture

table in sternal
front legs grasped just above carpal joints
legs pulled off table
animal's neck extended

what is alternate position for cats in jugular

lateral restraint

how to restrain medium dogs for jugular venipuncture

sternal or sitting
cradled against holder's body with one arm
head is restrained and nose to ceiling

how to restrain large dogs or jugular venipuncture

leave dog on floor
straddle the dog
place one hand on shoulders and use other hand to grasp
mandible and point toward the ceiling

how to restrain dogs for cephalic

place animal in sitting or in sternal
small to medium: table
large: floor
holder should be opposite the leg that is going to be used
one arm is under animal's jaw away from leg
other hand is used to extend leg being used by holding the elbow and pushing the leg forward
then using the thumb, the cephalic vein should be rolled to the top of the forelimb and held off

restraint for intramuscular

standing (most common), lateral, or sitting
remain control of the head
in standing, one arm under mandible and other place in flank to keep animal from sitting or shifting

restraint for ear exam

sternal, lateral, standing or sitting
holder grasp muzzle and other should restrain the animal's body
sedation may be needed

restraint for anal sac expression

standing
supported under abdomen to prevent sitting
head must be controlled

different timings of immunizations

window of vulnerability
adults with no immunization history
maternal antibody variable
antibody titers in neonates

why do adults not need repetitive series of vaccines

they lack maternal antibodies

what are the different administrations of vaccines

subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal, intranasal

vet recommended sites for vaccines

RH: rabies
RF: combo DA2PP or DA2LPP
RF: combo FVRCP
LH: lepto (eLective)
LH: Leukemia (eLective)

what is DA2PP and DA2LPP

Distemper, hepatitis, canine parvovirus, and parainfluenza
Distemper, hepatitis, canine parvovirus, leptospirosis, and parainfluenzaw

what is FVRCP

Feline viral rhinotracheitis, calcivirus, and feline panleukopenia

do we change quantity of the vaccine because of age or size

no

how are transdermal devices administered

air-powered devices

who is vaccine shedding from intranasal vaccines at more risk

immunosuppressed or pregnant

how to treat post-vaccinal anaphylaxis

antihistamine, corticosteroid, epinephrine, and IV fluids or life support

what are the core vaccines for dogs

Rabies and DA2PP

what are the core vaccines for cats

rabies and FVRCP

elective for dogs

lyme disease, lepto, coronovirus, giardia, rattlesnake, periodontal

elective for cats

feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency
(serotesting before vaccine and microchip after feline immunodeficiency)
chlamydiophila felis, feline bordatella, feline giardia, ringworm

vaccination schedule for rabies

single dose no earlier than 12 weeks
booster: 1 year after initial then every 3 years

vaccine schedule for DA2PP

1st dose at 6 weeks then every 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks old
booster at 1 year then every 3 years

vaccine schedule for FVRCP

1st at 6 weeks then every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks
booster at 1 year then every 3 years

what is frontline plus and what does it kill

fipronil, (S)-methoprene
Dogs and Cats- fleas and ticks

what is advvantage multi and what does it kill

moxidectin, Imidacloprid
Dog- heartworms, fleas, roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, sarcoptic mange
Cats- Heartworms, fleas, ear mites, roundworms, hookworms

what is nextgard and what does it kill

afoxolaner
dogs: fleas and ticks

what is comfortis and what does it kill

spinosad
dogs and cats: fleas

what is trifexis and what does it kill

spinosad + milbemycin oxime
dogs: heartworms, fleas, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms

what is heartgard and what does it kill

ivermectin and pyrantel
pyrantel-dog
ivermectin-cat
dogs: heartworms, roundworms, hookworms
cats: heartworms, hookworms

what is revolution and what does it kill

selamectin
dogs: heartworms, fleas, earmites, sarcoptic mange, ticks
cats: heartworms, fleas, earmites, roundworms, hookworms

What are demodex mites

not contagious to humans, easier to find
most likely found on face and feet

what are sarcoptic mites

are contagious to humans, harder to find
found on animal's pressure points

signs to perform a skin scrape

alopecia
scaling
pruritis

when do we not preform a cystocentesis

Patients with bleeding disorders
Potential pyometras/ prostatic abscess (could be ruptured)
Bladder cancer
Urinary outflow obstructions/ who are likely to have outflow obstruction before hole created by this had time to heal

what are some consequences of improper restraint

longer procedure times
increased stress
higher chance of injury
increased risk for the animal to escape

why do we test cats for FeLV or FIV and what do we reccommend

serotesting to make sure the cat is not already infected bc then a vaccine would do nothing
a microchip must be put in
the FIV part detects antibodies so the vaccination will turn the FIV test positive
the FeLV part detects the antigen so the vaccine will not interfere

what is entropion

eyelid folds inward
always surgically corrected

what is ectropion

eyelid turns outward so that the inner surface is exposed

you have not completed a skin scrape until

you obtain blood

how many mls of urine are discarded due to contamination

5-6mls

what are some complications with urinary catherization

trauma to urethra
trauma to bladder
infection
blind process in females

why do we do a mid-stream catch

to prevent as much contamination from the lower urinary tract and external genitalia

when do we read fecal samples

5-8 minutes

would we choose a cysto or free-catch for urine culture

cysto

what is vaginal cytology most used for

to detect stages of estrous in females

when do we need to perform ear swabs

discharge from the ears
large amounts of black debris in ears
chronic ear infections
ear infections not responding to treatment

why do we change the needle in a cysto

to prevent contamination in collection tube we alcohol the top as well

which animals will need fecals

puppies/kittens
yearly patients
ones who suspect parasites/ GI symptoms