APUSH UNIT 6

"downwinders"

people who lived near nuclear test sites, faced severe side

the best years of our lives

movie, won 7 academy awards for depictions of three veterans struggling to adjust to the world to which they had returned

the gi bill of rights

popular name for the servicemen's readjustment act (1944) which sought to aid returning veterans

post

world war ii suburbanization

william levitt

suburb builder, adapted henry ford's assembly

president harry s truman

pledged to expand the new deal, stymied by conservative congress, took place after roosevelt's death, unprepared to take his place, focused on foreign relations, oversaw reconversion from war to peace, attempted to maintain liberal agenda, proposed to increase minimum wage, supported full employment act, gambled on economic growth

roosevelt's second bill of rights

offered in 1944 state of the unions address; right to employment, health care, education, food, and housing; cornerstone of postwar liberalism

the full employment act

postwar liberal initiative that created mechanisms to help the federal government manage the economy. although the original bill sought to stimulate economic growth by raising the minimum wage and guaranteeing jobs to those willing and able to work, through public

the council of economic advisors

A three

postwar inflation

inflation skyrocketed and people struggled to feed their families, more than 5 millions workers went on strike, unions shut down many industries, americans began hoarding food and gasoline, truman made dramatic appearance before joint session of congress: draft into armed forces "all workers who are on strike against their government"

the threatened railroad strike of 1946

truman made dramatic appearance before joint session of congress: draft into armed forces "all workers who are on strike against their government" in vital industries

the taft

hartley act

the progressive party and the dixiecrats

party formed from a splintering within the democratic party in 1948 by those dissatisfied with truman, advocated friendly relations with the soviet union, racial desegregation, a ban on monopolies, and nationalization of basic industries
the states' rights democratic party

the presidential campaign and election of 1948

Truman won mainly because he won the African American vote in key northern states, democratic party splintered, progressive party and dixiecrats ran vs republicans and democrats

truman's fair deal

agenda proposed by president truman that included civil rights, national health care legislation, and federal aid to education

president dwight d eisenhower

34th president of the us (1953

dynamic conservatism

Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats.

sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

the military

industrial complex

the vital center

The center of the political spectrum; those who hold moderate political views. The center is vital because without it, it may be difficult, if not impossible, to reach the compromises that are necessary to a political system's continuity, occupied during eisenhower's presidency

project "venona"

top

the atomic civil defense program

The population began to prepare for a nuclear attack from the Soviet Union on the United States, "duck

redbaiting

Harassing or persecuting people because of known or suspected communist views, republicans did this to democratic opponents, targeted turman admin

truman's loyalty investigations

ordered in 1947, investigations into the loyalty of more than 3 million us government employees, discharges "security risks" (rarely any evidence of disloyalty)

the house un

american activities committee (huac)

the hollywood ten

ten screenwriters and directors sent to prison for contempt of congress hen they refused to "name names" of suspected communists for huac, caused studio panic and blacklisting of workers suspected of communist affiliations

senator joseph r mccarthy

wisconsin senator who used the media to stoke anti

the international security act of 1950 (mccarran act)

passed by congress in 1950 with bipartisan support, required members of "communist

the communist control act of 1954

passed unanimously in 1954 by the senate, effectively made membership in the communist party illegal, chief sponsor was democratic senator hubert h. humphrey of minnesota

the alger hiss case

In 1948 committee member richard m nixon led the chase after alger hiss, a prominent ex

ethel and julius rosenberg

couple found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage and executed in 1953, arrested for passing atomic secrets to the soviets (witch hunt?)

the army

mccarthy hearings

to secure these rights

A report by the President's Committee on Civil Rights, it was given a year after the Committee was formed, and helped pave the way for the civil rights era. It recommended that the government start an anti

the employment board of the civil service commission

the desegregation of the armed forces

1948 In July, Truman issued an executive order establishing a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces "be put into effect as rapidly as possible." He also created a committee to ensure its implementation.

the naacp's legal defense and education fund

led by thurgood marshall, carried forward plan to destroy separate but equal doctrine est. in plessy v. ferguson by insisting on its literal interpretation

smith v. allwright and morgan v. virginia

1944: outlawed whites

shelley v. kraemer

1948: court held that racially restrictive covenants (private agreements among white homeowners not to sell to blacks) could not legally be enforced

brown v. board of education of topeka

landmark supreme court case (1954) that overturned plessy v. ferguson (1896); it desegregated public schools by finding that racially separate schools are inherently unequal, thurgood marshall argued before the high court, unanimous decision written by chief justice earl warren

jackie robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

rosa parks

a department store seamstress and longtime naacp activist, in 1955, was arrested when she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus in montgomery, arrest gave local black women's organizations and civil rights group a cause around which to organize a boycott of the city's bus system

martin luther king jr.

african american minister and leader of the civil rights movement; his philosophy of civil disobedience fused the spirit of christianity with the strategy of achieving racial justice through nonviolent resistance, selected to lead boycott of city's bus system, baptist minister with phd from bu

the montgomery bus boycott

sparked by rosa parks, led by mlk, blacks rallied in churches, sang hymns, and prayed that the nation would awaken to the evils of segregation and racial discrimination, maintained boycott through seasons, often walked miles a day, city officials adopted harassment tactics to bring an end to the boycott, black people preserved, 13 months after beginning the supreme court declared alabama's bus segregation laws unconstitutional

emmett till

aug 1955, white men in mississippi beat, mutilated, and murdered emmett till, a 14 yo from chicago, bc they took offense at the way he spoke to a white woman; an all

white citizens councils

created by business and professional people, purpose of resisting the school desegregation order, "uptown ku klux klan", brought economic power to bear against black civil rights activists, "massive resistance", went to private schools to avoid integration

the "southern manifesto"

issued in 1956 by 101 congressmen and senators from 11 southern states, condemned the brown decision as an "unwarranted exercise of power by the court", which violate the principle of states' rights, and commended those states that fought to "resist forced integration by any lawful means"

the little rock crisis

sept. 1957, arkansas gov orval e. faubus defied a court

the civil rights act of 1957

first one passed since reconstruction, created the united states commission on civil rights to investigate systemic discrimination, such as in voting, not fully effective, but another federal recognition of the centrality of civil rights

the southern christian leadership conference

organized to coordinate civil rights activities, mlk became first president in 1957

the transistor

"the treaty of detroit"

nickname for a 1950 agreement between the United Auto Workers and GM where the two parties peacefully negotiated for health insurance, pension plans, COLAs. Set the new standard that stability raises wages, not strikes

the growth of the sunbelt

southern and southwestern states whose rapid economic development brought many new residents during the post war years

the emergence of a national middle

class culture

whiteness and national culture

television

consumer culture

the post

world war ii religious revival

gender roles in families of the 1950s

dr. spock

physician and author of baby and child care, the best

modern woman: the lost sex

the "crisis of masculinity"

william h. whyte

dr. alfred kinsey

hugh hefner

the "youth culture"

slinky, mr. potato head, and davy crockett

elvis presley

popular rock 'n' roll musician who melded country, gospel, and rhythm and blues influences; his sexually charged style drew young fans and alarmed adults

rock 'n' roll

the 1950s upsurge in juvenile deliquency

national defense education act of 1958

beat writers

term used to describe a generation of nonconformist writers, such as allen ginsberg, who expressed scorn for the middle

the crack in the picture window the catcher in the rye, the naked and the dead, the lonely crowd, and the organization man

the environmental costs associated with economic growth

planned obsolescence

silent spring

continuing racism

urban and rural poverty of the 1950s

the national housing act of 1949

the 1950s growth of agribusiness

eisenhower's termination policy

office of strategic services (OSS)

(1) secret agency created by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1942 to conduct espionage, collect information for strategic planning, & assess the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy; (2) this organization eventually evolved into the CIA during the Cold War

ho chi minh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890

"third world" countries

nations during the cold war era that were not the "West" (the first world) or the "East" (the second world), also called developing countries, usually non

joseph stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five

world bank

created at the July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference by 44 nations to stabilize trade and finance, opened doors in 1945, US was biggest donor, made loans to help members finance reconstruction projects

international monetary fund (IMF)

created at the July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference by 44 nations to stabilize trade and finance, heavily backed by US, helped members meet their balance

bretton woods conference

1944, (FDR) , The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under

financial diplomacy

the use of loans to gain political influence, the ussr accused us of doing this

atomic diplomacy

maintaining a nuclear monopoly to scare the soviets into diplomatic concessions

baruch plan

named after financier and author Bernard Baruch, provided for us abandonment of its atomic monopoly only after the world's fissionable materials were brought under the authority of an international agency

george f kennan's "long telegram"

american diplomat (chargé d'affaires) in moscow, architect of the cold war policy of containment, sent pessimistic "long telegram" to washington, fed growing belief among us officials that only toughness would work with soviets

iron curtain

cut off eastern european countries from the west, dubbed by churchill, A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

truman doctrine

us policy designed to contain the spread of communism; began with truman's 1947 request to congress for economic and military aid to the struggling countries of greece and turkey to prevent them from succumbing to soviet pressure, key manifesto of cold war policy

containment

us policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to prevent the spread of soviet communism and to enhance america's security and influence abroad

kennan's "x" article

july 1047 issue of the magazine Foreign Affairs, advocated a "policy of firm containment, designed to confront the russians with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world", key manifesto of cold war policy

walter lippmann

veteran journalist, took issue with containment doctrine in book, The Cold War (1947), called it a "strategic monstrosity", if whole world was important, resources would soon be drained, didn't think soviets were planning to take over world, need more emphasis on diplomacy

marshall plan

the truman administration's proposal for massive us economic aid to speed the recovery of war

national security act of 1947

act the unified the armed forces under a single agency, later called the department of defense, establish national security council to advice the president on matters of national security and created the central intelligence agency (CIA), also the national security council (NSC) to advise the president, gave president increased powers with which to conduct foreign policy

cominform

created by stalin in response to the nsa, an organization designed to coordinate communist activities around the world

berlin airlift

massive airlift of food, fuel, and other supplies to berlin, soviets lifted blockade in May 1949 and founded german democratic republic (east germany), may have saved truman's political career