structures midterm

phonology

study of smallest contrastive units of language ; study of how signs are structure and organized

5 parts of a sign aka parameters

handshape, movement, location, orientation, nonmanuel signs

what is responsible for difference in meaning of one sign compare to another

change in one parameter

3 rules of the Stokoe System

tabula (tab), designator (dez), signation (sig)

what 4 levels are nonmanuel signs important for

lexical level (building individual signs)

morphological level (building new signs)

syntactic level (making sentences)

discourse level (use of language by signers)

tabula (tab)

location

designator (dez)

handshape

signation (sig)

movement

primes

parts of a cherome in Stokor system

tabula primes

face, nose, trunk

designator primes

A,B,5, etc

signation primes

upward, downward, away from signer

order for writing Stokoe system

tab, dez, sig

sequential contrast

minimal pairs

• Movement-Hold Model defines sequential contrast

what model is Liddell Johnson

movement-hold model

Liddell-Johnson

To improve on Stokoe's system. Adds more details about the different parts of sign and adds new parameters.

• signs consist of hold segments and movement segments that are produced sequentially

holds

period of time when all aspects of artiulation bundle are in steady state

movements

periods of time during which some aspect of articulation in transition

X

shortened hold

strong hand

active hand

weak hand

acted upon

unidirectional

single direction

oscillating

movement-movement contained within hand w/o location change

reduplicated movement

sign begins in one loc, ends in another, then entire sequenc repeated

focal site

where sign is produced

bidirectional

move in two directions

what issue of the Strokoe system does the Liddel Johnson system fix

Cannot specifically describe some signs and the way they move within the signs. Sequencing of signs cannot be described.

phonological processes

the ways in which the parts of the parts of a sign interact with each other

1. movement epenthesis
2. hold deletion OR hold reduction
3. metathesis
4. assimilation
5. weak hand deletion

movement epenthesis

movement added between the last segment of one sign and the first segment of the next

hold reduction

shortens hold between movements when signs occur in a sequence

metathesis

segments of a sign change places

• ex) DEAF, RESTAURANT, FLOWER

assimilation

segment takes on characteristics of another, usually the one before it or after it

refers to use of hands & fingers going from one sign to the next, going from one location to the next, one handshape to the next, one hand to two hands, etc.;

• ex. ME-KNOW, WHY-NOT

• "YOU" - YOU+INFORM it's like it's one sign

weak hand deletion

passive hand deleted from two-handed sign, usually occurs when both hands perform an identical action

• ex) CAT, HORSE, DEER

phonology

study of the smallest contrastive parts of language

morphology

study of the smallest meaningful units of a language and how those units are used to build new signs; ie word formation

morpheme

smallest meaningful unit in language

free-morpheme

can occur by itself (CAT)

bound-morpheme

can't occur independently, must occur with other morphemes (THREE-WEEKS, THREE)

derivational morphology

process of making/deriving new units

inflectional morphology

The process of adding grammatical information to units that already exist

• ex. big, bigger, biggest (temporal aspect)

how to derive nouns from verbs

noun is reduplicated

the first contact hold rule of compounding

only the first contact hold is kept

single sequence rule of compounding

internal movement or repetition of movement is eliminated

weak hand anticipation rule of compounding

if the first sign in a compound is one handed and the second signis two handed, in the compound then the whole sign is two handed

lexicalized fingerspelling rules

1. some letters may be deleted

2. location may change

3. handshapes can change

4. movement may be added

5. orientation may change

6. movement can be reduplicated

7. second hand can be added

8. grammatical info may be included

numeral incorporation

uses bound and free morpheme

syntax

study of the rules for combining signs to make sentences, grammar

nouns

refer to things/activities

predicate

way to say something about noun, does not have to include a verb

what verb does asl not have

to be

equivalent to voice intonation in english

NMM

context signs

contribute substantive meaning (N, V. adj, adv)

function sign examples

pro, prep, conj

morphological frame

position of a sign w respect to bound morphemes that can be attached to it w a sign; used to determine lexical category

syntactic frames

position in which a sign occurs relative to other classes of signs in the same phrase; used to determine lexical category

modal verbs

express necessity or possibility (will, can, must, should)

plain verbs

produced in a static location that cannot be altered w/o changing meaning of sign

indicating verbs

dynamic; move towards specific objects/spatial locations, and as a result, incorporate additional infor about the subject and object of a sentence

• ex) GIVE-TO, INFORM-TO, PICK-ON

• ex)I-HATE-HIM, HE-HATES-ME

reciprocal verbs

show reciprocating action

locative verbs

has to do w/ actual direction or location of the sign containing a specific meaning

• ex. THROW (ball or object), HURT (sign it on specific place of body), USE-SCAPEL

• an indicating verb

• part of indicating verb

depicting verbs

represents of their meaning

blending

setting up a visual scene to explain something

functions of space

1. articulatory

2. morphological

3. referential

4. locative

5. frame of reference

6. narrative perspective

semantics

the study of the meaning of words and sentences

referential meaning

the idea, thing, state of affairs described by the sign/sentence

• ex. CAT refers to 4 legged mammal w/ tail, whiskers, CALIFORNIA refers to state in west

social meaning

signs/sentences provide info about the social identity of language user

affective meaning

provides info about signers feeling, attitudes, or opinions concerning a piece of info

superordinate-hyponymy concept

The way of viewing the relationship between more general and specific words;

• ex. Colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple

• a hyponym (blue) included in hypernym (color)

part/whole relationship

one word is part of another

synonymy

have same referential meaning

antonymy

opposite in meaning, binary relationship

• ex) LIKE-DON'T LIKE, KNOW-DON'T KNOW, WANT-DON'T WANT

converseness

relationship between signs, similar to antonymy, but words seen as pairs

• related, ex husband nd wife

metaphor

extension of signs meaning to describe referents that are similar to the signs primary referent

orientational metaphor

rely on spatial info

ontological metaphor

treat abstract entities, states, and evens as though they were objects

structural metaphor

treat one concept in terms of another more tangible concept

families of signs metaphors

same handshape and share portion of meaning

semantic role

how sentences show who did what

agent

doer of action described by verb

patients

reciever of agent's actions

experiencer

experiences physical/psychological sensation

instrument

something that manipulates

cause

something that causes another thing

tense

sign marker, body as timeline

aspect

shows manner in which something is done

reference

provides info about the relationship between noun and phrases and their referents (a vs. the)

deixis

marks orientation and position of objects w respect to certain point of reference

pragmatics

context

transparent iconicity

easily understandable by someone who is not familiar with ASL (TREE)

translucent iconicity

can be somewhat understood by someone who doesn't know ASL (HAT)

opaque iconicity

not recognizable to someone who doesn't know ASL (NEW)

Stokoe's impact on ASL

tried to prove ASL was a language

symmetry condition

2 handed sign with same HS and movement

dominance condition

2 handed signs, if each hand has a different handshape, only the active hand can move. The passive hand serves as a support/base and doesn't move; ex. WORD, MONEY

head/trunk location

where most signs occur

examples of contraction signs

CAN'T, WHY-NOT, NOT-HERE, SEE-NONE, DO-DO, FOR-FOR, NOT-KNOW, NOT-WANT, NOT-LIKE, WHY-NOT, NOT-HERE, SEE-NONE, FEEL-NONE, HEAR-NONE, HOW-MUCH, NOT-NEED, US-TWO...

contraction

two words, one sign; concept is expressed in a shortened way

#YES #WHAT #EARLY

some letters are deleted

fs- FOOD

some sign's location may be changed (does not need to be just below/in front of signer's dominant shoulder)

-1 of 8 rules of fingerspelling

#CAR

handshape may change