BIO446L final

Which type of joint has greatest amount of movement?

a. Symphysis

b. Synchondrosis

c. Syndesmosis

d. Synovial

d. Synovial

When a muscle contracts but there is no movement, we call this a

a. Isometric

b. Isotonic

a. Isometric

During the elevation of the shoulder by the trapezius muscle which of the following would shorten?

a. A-band of the sarcomere

Actin myofilaments

b. c. I-band of the sarcomere

d. Myosin myofilaments

b. c. I-band of the sarcomere

The post-synaptic membrane of a synapse is a part of a(n)?

1. Axon

2. Dendrite

2. Dendrite

Which of the following muscles originates on the axial skeleton and acts to move the arm at the shoulder joint?

a. Deltoid

b. Latissimus dorsi

c. Teres major

d. Trapezius

b. Latissimus dorsi

Which of the following muscles acts both at the shoulder and elbow joints?

a. Brachialis

b. Coracobrachialis

c. Pectorialis major

d. Triceps brachii

d. Triceps brachii

which type of muscle has myofilaments arranged in many planes and is anchored to plasma membrane?

smooth

muscle contraction involves and movement of actin and myosin relative to eachother. which of the two attaches directly to the z-line of a sarcomere?

actin

what type of muscle can regenerate through mitotic activity

smooth

During the flexion of the biceps muscle the sarcomeres of the muscle shorten. Which of the following structures are attached to the Z-line during this process?

a. Actin myofilaments

b. Intercalated discs

c. Myosin myofilaments

d. T-tubules

a. Actin myofilaments

All the following are functions of the plasmalemma of a cell EXCEPT one. The EXCEPTION is:

a. Communication via receptors

b. Provides a flexible boundary that protects the contents of the cell

c. Regulates entry and exit of materials into and from the cell

d. Regulates transport between the cytoplasm and nucleus

e. Separates substances outside the cell from those within the cell

d. Regulates transport between the cytoplasm and nucleus

The microfilaments that form a framework within a microvillus is formed by

actin

If a biopsy found malignant cells in an epithelium, the abnormal cell proliferation would be indicated by an increase in size and/or number of which of the following structures within the cells examined?

a. Golgi apparatus

b. Lipid rafts

c. Nucleolus

d. Smooth ER

c. nucleolus

The mechanism by which extracellular fluid is brought into a cell is called

a. Exocytosis

b. Phagocytosis

c. Pinocytosis

d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

c. Pinocytosis

All the following structures can be located within the plasmalemma of a cell EXCEPT one. The EXCEPTION is:

a. Cholesterol

b. Cytosol

c. Integral proteins

d. Lipid rafts

b. Cytosol

Which organelle of the cell would be present in large numbers in cells requiring large amounts of energy?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum

b. Golgi apparatus

c. Lysosome

d. Mitochondria

d. Mitochondria

The cytoskeletal component that forms near the nucleus that extends outward toward the plasma membrane is

a. Actin

b. Keratin

c. Microtubules

d. Vimentin

c. Microtubules

The network of microfilaments that form a sheath beneath the plasmalemma is formed from

a. Actin

b. Keratin

c. Lamin

d. Vimentin

a. Actin

Which of the following organelles of the cell initiates packing, concentration and storage of secretory products by secretory vesicles?

a. Golgi apparatus

b. Mitochondria

c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

d. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

a. Golgi apparatus

Which of the following types of epithelia has all cells attached to the basal lamina, but not all cells reach the free surface?

a. Pseudostratified columnar

b. Simple columnar

c. Simple squamous

d. Stratified squamous

e. Transitional

a. Pseudostratified columnar

A free surface specialization that moves mucous in the trachea is the

a. Basal lamina

b. Cilia

c. Microvilli

d. Stereocilia

b. cilia

Cadherins are adhesive molecules that join cells to adjacent cells via

a. Desmosomes

b. Hemidesmosomes

c. Integrins

d. Zonula adherens

d. Zonula adherens

Which of the following types of epithelium secrete tears?

a. Simple cuboidal

b. Simple squamous

c. Stratified columnar

d. Stratified squamous

a. Simple cuboidal

The term used to describe the connective tissue that an epithelium lining the digestive tract rests upon is the:

a. Dermis

b. Lamina propria

c. Papilla

b. Lamina propria

A gland with a long duct most likely would produce what type of secretion?

a. Mucous

b. Serous

Serous

The cells that line the acinar portion of a gland are most likely to be classified as:

a. Cuboidal epithelial

b. Fibroblasts

c. Masts

d. Squamous epithelial

a. Cuboidal epithelial

The type of gland which has no duct is the

a. Endocrine gland

b. Exocrine gland

a. Endocrine gland

The type of intercellular junction located adjacent to the apical surface of an epithelial cell used to seal off the intercellular space from the outside space is a:

a. Desmosome

b. Hemidesmosome

c. Zonula adherens

d. Zonula occludens

d. Zonula occludens

The process by which a leukocyte migrates from a blood vessel into the connective tissue is called:

a. Anaphylaxis

b. Chemotaxis

c. Diapedesis

d. Pinocytosis

c. Diapedesis

The connective tissue fiber with the greatest tensile strength is the

a. Collagen fiber

b. Elastic fiber

c. Reticular fiber

a. Collagen fiber

The basal lamina is composed of glycoproteins (laminin and entactin) and

a. Type I collagen

b. Type II collagen

c. Type III collagen

d. Type IV collagen

d. Type IV collagen

Collagen synthesis is a product of which of the following cells?

a. Adipocytes

b. Fibroblasts

c. Mast cells

d. Plasma cells

b. Fibroblasts

The ground substance of connective tissue is rich in heavily hydrated glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and multi-adhesive glycoproteins. An example of a proteoglycan found in cartilage is:

a. Aggrecan

b. Fibronectin

c. Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan)

d. Laminin

a. Aggrecan

The connective tissue that is found in a tendon is:

a. Dense, irregular

b. Dense, regular

c. Loose

d. Reticular

b. Dense, regular

The connective tissue cell that promotes an allergic response by releasing chemicals like histamine is the

a. Fibroblast

b. Macrophage

c. Mast cell

d. Plasma cell

c. Mast cell

The predominate type of fiber found in the connective tissue deep to the epithelium of skin is

a. Collagen Type I

b. Collagen Type IV

c. Elastic

a. Collagen Type I

All the following statements about fibroblasts are true EXCEPT ONE. Which statement is the EXCEPTION?

a. Are resident cells that develop from mesenchymal cells

b. Frequently undergo mitosis in adults

c. Secrete Type I collagen

d. Secrete reticular fibers

b. Frequently undergo mitosis in adults

The ground substance of connective tissue is rich in heavily hydrated complex mixture of macromolecules. All the following are examples of such complex mixtures of macromolecules EXCEPT ONE. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

a. Acetylcholine

b. Aggrecan

c. Fibronectin

d. Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)

a. Acetylcholine

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with an epithelium?

1. Avascular

2. Has a free surface

3. High capacity for renewal

4. Lacks nerve supply

5. Largely or entirely of closely packed cells with little extracellular material between cells

4. Lacks nerve supply

Glands that have an acinus are classified as:

1. Endocrine

2. Exocrine

2. Exocrine

Cilia are most often associated with which type of epithelium?

1. Simple Columnar

2. Simple Cuboidal

3. Stratified Squamous

4. Transitional

1. Simple Columnar

Which type of cell produces extracellular fibers and ground substance?

1. Adipocytes

2. Fibroblasts

3. Macrophages

4. Mast cells

2. Fibroblasts

All the following statements about the plasmalemma of a cell are true EXCEPT :

a. Has cholesterol in middle layer

b. Has integral proteins that form a loose association with one of the two membrane surfaces.

c. May have lipid rafts

d. The external surface of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic.

e. The internal surface of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic.

b. Has integral proteins that form a loose association with one of the two membrane surfaces.

Which of the following is an intermediate filament?

a. actin

b. glycoprotein

c. microtubules

D. Vimentin

Microtubules

lipid synthesis is a function of what organelle?

SER

Aerobic respiration of a cell occurs in which organelle?

Mitochon

the mechanism by which ligand attaches to an integral protein to trigger an action of the cell is called

receptor mediated endocytosis

the mechanism by which bacterium is brought into a cell is

phagocytosis

all of the following are functions of the plasmalemma except:

a. communication via receptors

b. flexible boundary that protects contents

c. regulates entry and exit

d. regulates transport btwn cytoplasm and nucleus

d. regulates transport btwn cytoplasm and nucleus

A cell that is actively synthesizing proteins or is located with a rapidly growing tumor will have a large

nucleolus

All of the following statements about an epithelium are true except:

a. avascular

b. has a free surface

c. has a limited capacity to divide

d. nerve fibers

e. has little EC material

c. has a limited capacity to divide

which of the following types of epithelia allows active and passive movement of substances through tissue?

a. simple columnar

b. simple squamous

c. stratified cuboidal

d. pseudostratified columnar

b. simple squamous

which type of epithelia has all calls attatched to basal lamina, but not alll on free surface?

pseudostratified columnar

connexons are a type of what intercellular junction?

a. desmosome

b. gap

c. hemidesmosome

d. zonula adherens

gap

*********which epithelium is flat on the surface but cuboidal in the basal layer

stratified squamous

the predominant type of collagen found in reticular fibers is

type III

collagen synthesis is a product of what cells?

fibroblasts

a girl comes in with a pierced lip, the sin around it is red and inflamed. The redness is most likely due to increased blood flow to what tissue

loose CT

the predominant type of fiber found in the connective tissue deep to the skin is

collagen T I

the type of CT proper immediately adjacent to the epithelium is mostly

loose CT

the connective tissue cell that promotes an allergic response by releasing chemicals like histamine is

mast cell

all of the following are a type of CT except:

a. adipose

b. blood

c. bone

d. muscle

d. muscle

what epithelium secretes tears

simple cuboidal

a free surface specialization only found on hair cells of the inner ear and in the epididymus of the male reproductive system

stereocilia

what collagen fiber is in the bone matrix

collagen t1

all the following statements are true about osteocytes except one. which one is the exception?

a. change morphology to become osteoclasts

b. communicate with other osteocytes via canaliculi

c. form connective dendritic processes

d. mineralize osteoid

a. change morphology to become osteoclasts

the regulation of bone metabolism occurs primarily in which type of bone

cancellous bone

during endochondral bone formation, all of the following statements are true except one. which statement is the exception?

a. bone first form adjacent to the periosteum

b. bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells

c. bone formation proceeds from proximal to distal in a long bone

d. cartilaginous bone first forms on the articular surface

a. bone first form adjacent to the periosteum

the connective tissue that is found in a tendon is

dense, regular

all the following statements about hyaline cartilage are true except one. which one is the exception?

a. avascular

b. is composed of primarily type I collagen

c. in the adult, only found at articular surfaces

d. lacks innervation

b. is composed of primarily type I collagen

lack of cure for osteoarthritis is largely because

perichondrium is the only site of bone repair in adults

hormone secreted by adipocytes that binds to receptors in the brain indicating satiety is

leptin

which of the cartilages have a perichondrium on its surfaces?

elastic cartilage

interstitial growth of cartilage occurs

in the epiphyseal growth plate

location of stereocilia

apical surface

location of intermediate fibers

cytoplasm

gap junctions location

lateral wall

The type of connective tissue proper that has a delicate consistency, flexible, very vascular, and not resistant to stress is classified as:

Loose CT

Which type of cartilage does not typically have a perichondrium?

Fibrocartilage (as well as articular)

dendritic processes of osteocytes communicate with other osteocytes via

canniculi

During endochondral bone formation, all the following statements are true EXCEPT:

a. Bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells

b. Cartilaginous bone model is first formed

c. Bone first forms adjacent to the periosteum

d. Epiphyseal plates can form to facilitate continued long bone growth

c. Bone first forms adjacent to the periosteum

During intramembranous bone formation:

a. Bone growth occurs through both interstitial and appositional growth mechanisms.

b. Chondroblasts first forms a cartilaginous bone model

c. Epiphyseal plates can form to facilitate continued long bone growth.

d. Mesenchymal cells first differentiate into osteoblasts that secret osteoid

d. Mesenchymal cells first differentiate into osteoblasts that secret osteoid

All the following statements are true about cartilage EXCEPT:

1. Avascular

2. Chondrocytes reside in lacunae

3. Has pain nerve fibers

4. Provides support for bone formation

3. Has pain nerve fibers

Osteoclasts:

1. Breakdown old or damaged bone allowing for new bone formation

2. Enhance Ca2+ release for calcium homeostasis

3. Originate from progenitor cells in the bone marrow

4. All the above

4. All the above

Osteons are found in:

1. Embryonic bone

2. Lamellar bone

3. Osteoid

4. Woven bone

2. Lamellar bone

Hyaline cartilage is composed of an extracellular matrix that contains which type of collagen?

A. Type I collagen

B. Type II collagen

C. Type III collagen

D. Type IV collagen

B. Type II collagen

Growth and repair of hyaline cartilage is limited because its:

A. Absent from fibrocartilage

B. Avascular

C. Cells are isolated in lacunae

D. Grows primarily by interstitial growth in adults

B. Avascular

Resistance to both compression and shear forces is best met via

A. Elastic cartilage

B. Fibrocartilage

C. Hyaline cartilage

D. Perichondrium

B. Fibrocartilage

At the neuromuscular junction the folds that contain acetylcholine receptors are a part of the:

A. Muscle fiber nucleus

B. Sarcolemma

C. Sarcomere

D. Terminal cisterna

B. Sarcolemma

A bundle of nerve fibers is enclosed by the:

A. Endoneurium

B. Epineurium

C. Perineurium

C. Perineurium

The type of neuron cell found in the spinal ganglion is classified as:

A. Bipolar

B. Multipolar

C. (Pseudo)unipolar

C. (Pseudo)unipolar

All of the following statements about neurons are true except:

a. one axon

b. interneurons are multipolar

c. is post mitotic

d. sensory neurons are the most common

d. sensory neurons are the most common

motor nerves and interneurons are typically classified as

multipolar

The pain sensation travels in a neuron typically classified as

unipolar

all of the following statements about nissl bodies are true except:

a. are found in the body of a neuron

b. are located in the axon hillock

c. formed by stacks of RER

a. are found in the body of a neuron

***********Certain nerve trunks are composed of several fascicles. Which of the ff entirely encloses these trunks

epineurium

Interosseous ligaments are an example of which type of joint?

A. Symphysis

B. Synchondrosis

C. Syndesmosis

D. Synovial

C. Syndesmosis

which cells act as macrophages in the CNS?

microglia

injury to the motor fiber tracts in the spinal chord would affect which motor neruons?

upper motor neruons

discriminative tough (tactile sensation) from the right foot travels through which spinal tract?

dorsal column on the right (ipsilateral)