AP HUG Unit 3 Test

how is culture a visible force?

it is seen in a group's actions, posessions, and infleuce on the landscape

how is culture an invisible force?

it is a froce guiding people through shared belief systems, customs, and traditions

cultural traits

types of elements, visible or invisible

cultural complex

a cluster of related traits

what are the 3 ways children and adults learn traits?

1. imitation, as when learning a language by repeating sounds or behaviors from people or TV
2. informal instruction, as when a parent tells child to say please
3. formal instruction, as when students learn history in school

culture hearth

the area in which a unique culture or specific trait develops

taboos

behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

traditional culture

customs and ways of life handed down from ancestors

folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

indigenous culture

a culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation.

globalization and popular culture

When a certain aspect of culture goes global. Ex: hip-hop culture which originated among Blacks in inner American cities, is now spreading across the world in the music industry, fashion, television, internet and books.

globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

popular culture

when cultural traits spread quickly over a large area and are adpoted by various cultures

global culture

elements of popular culture that are quickly adopted worldwide

cultural landscape

the modification of the environment by a group and is a visible reflection of a group's cultural beliefs and values

horizontal diversity

modern urban socities are usually heterogeneous within society

material culture

cinsists of tangible things: food, art, clothing, etc

mentifacts

Individual culture traits of the ideological subsystem, such as an idea.

nonmaterial culture

The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

socio facts

ways people organize their society and relate to one another

what is an example of a mentifact?

belief in a god

habit

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

custom

a reptative act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group

folk culture diffusion is

slow, it is transmitted from one location to the other

popular culture diffusion is

rapid, spreading through hierarchial diffusion

cultural landscape encompasses what?

any human alteration to the landscape, whether it is building a sjyscraper or clearing a field

built environment

physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the lanscape: buildings, roads, signs, etc

traditional architecture

style reflects a local culture's history, beliefs, values, and community adaptions to the environment, typically utilizing locally availible materials

what is an example of traditional architecture?

spanish adobe homes in the Southwest

postmodern architecture

A movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding

contemporary architecture

uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height

ethnicity

memebership within a group of people who have common experiences and share similiar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, and history

ethnic enclave

clusters of people of the same culture

what can ethnic enclaves represent?

- the desire to remain apart from larger society ex. Amish
- dominant culture desireses to remain apart from society

what are gender specfic roles in folk culture?

women are to handle domestic responsibilities while the men work outside the house and serve as leaders

does popular culture have gender specific roles?

very little, women have access to education which gives them the same opportunity as men

cultural regions

usually determined based on characteristics such as religion, language, and ethnicity

cultural realms

A large area of the world that shares a similar cultural traits and characteristics

how does religion affect cultural landscape?

- memorial spaces to the dead
- restaraunts and food markets that cater to a particular group
- signs written in language and alphabet reflects ethnic heritage

Christian architecture

- churches with a tall steeple topped with a cross
- mediterranean tend to be dome shaped
- northern europe has more pitched roofs
- bury dead in cemetaries

Hinduism architecture

- temples with elaborately carved exteriors with dieties or significant characters
- thousands of shrines too
- temples and religious structures are located on streams or rivers
- practice cremation

buddhism architecture

- stupas store relics and other important effects and beliefs
- built symbol of the 5 aspects of nature
- padogas are a common architectural style and are temples
- cremate or bury their dead

judaism architecture

- synagogues and temples
- burial custom occurs at sundown at the following day after death

diaspora

occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various locations

islam architecture

- mosque in center of town
- have domes surrounded by minarets from which daily prayer is called
- burial is as soon as possible

shinto architecture

- Japanese shinto shrines
- honoring ancestors and relationships between people and nature

charter group

The first group of settlers to establish a new and lasting culture and society in an area

ethnic islands

small, usually rural and ethnically homogeneous enclaves situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context.

sequent occupancy

ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape

what problems can ethnic groups moving in create?

- political and economic tension
- tension increases when the incoming group changes or destroys landscape without considering people living there

neolocalism

the process of re-rembracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place

cultural pattern

consist of related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space

how can religions shape a space?

create a sense of place and belonging

what is the US's cultural variation?

It is most dominantly Christian but there is a religious diversity in America

nationality

based on a people's connection to a particular country

what is the difference between an ethnicity and nationality in an example?

Hispanics identify nationally as American but ethnicity is Hispanic

centripial forces

are those that unify a group of people or a region

centrifugal forces

are those that divide a group of people or region

mulitcultural states

those which posess more than one distinct cultural identity or ehtnic group within its borders

what are a source for many present-day laws and punishments by governments?

religious traditions

sharia

legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts taken from the Quran

blue laws

laws that restrict certain activities such as the sale of alcohol on Sunday

highly industrialized countries have not fully adpoted religious laws but...

legal codes show a clear influence of religious laws

fundamentalism

an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith

theorcracies

countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws

ethnocentric

believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

cutural relavistism

concept that a person's or group's beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of other group's culture

cultural appropriation

the action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture

what is the greatest concern with cultural appropriation

when the trait is adopted by the majority culture from the minority culture (will use it out of context)

diffusion

The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another

relocation diffusion

the spread of cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their traits with them

expansion diffusion

the spread of culutral traits outward through exchange without migration

contagious diffusion

occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people

hierarchial diffusion

the spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence

reverse hierarchial diffusion

a trait diffuses from a group of lower status to a group of higher status

stimulus diffusion

when an underlying idea from a cultural hearth is adopted by another culture but adopting group modifies or rejects one trait

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

neocolonialism

conquering and controlling people through modern times

animism

the belief that nonliving objects possess spirits

how does language diffuse?

commonly through relocation and expansion diffusion

native speakers

those who use language learned from birth

lingua franca

a common language used among people with different native languages

what is the lingua franca of the world?

English

slang

words informally used by a segment of the population

pidgin language

simplified mixture of two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary, but is not the native language of either group

creole language

2 or more separate languages can mix and develop a more formal structure so they no longer create a pidgin language

swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

social constructs

ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by society or a social group and not created in nature

communication technologies

have allowed for globalization of popular culture through methods of spatial diffusion

time-space convergence

The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places

cultural convergence

cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs

cultural homogenization

the process of reduction in cultural diversity through the diffusion of popular culture

cultural divergence

the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes

what is one negative effect of diffusion

loss of native language and culture

linguists

those who study language

language tree

a representation of the relationships of languages to each other

language families

Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin

indo-european languages

a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and dialects,[1] including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.

accent

how words sound when pronounced