Exam 1

Chapters 1-3

Biology

The study of living organisims and thier interactions with one another and thier enviroments

Scientific method

A method of research with defiend steps that include experiments and careful observation

Observation, questions, hypothesis, test, results, conclustion, theory

Steps of the scientific method

Inductive reasoning

A form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

Deductive reasoning

A form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results

Basic science

The type of science that seeks to expand knowldge regardless of the short-term application of that knowldge

Applied science

The type of science that aims to use science to solve immediate problems (problems defined by the researcher)

Abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, literature cited

Main formats of a peer review paper

Order

The first property of life

Sensitivity or Response to stimuli

The second property of life

Reproduction

The third property of life

Growth and development

The fourth property of life

Regulation

The fifth property of life

Homeostasis

The sixth property of life

Energy processing

The seventh property of life

Atoms

The first level of orginazation

Molecules

The second level of orginazation

Macromolecules

The third level of orginazation

Organelles

The fourth level of orginazation

Cells

The fifth level of orginazation

Tissue

The sixth level of orginazation

Organs and organ systems

The seventh level of orginazation

Organisims, populations, and communities

The eighth level of orginazation

Ecosystems

The ninth level of orginazation

Biosphere

The tenth level of orginazation

Three domains of ogranisims

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Bacteria and achaea

Which two domains are Prokaryotes?

Eukarya

Which domain is eukaryotes?

Group of ogranisms that do not have a nucleus and other organells in their cells

Bacteria and archaea

Group of organisms that do have a nucleus and organelles in their cells

Eukarya

List the five kingdoms of oganisms

Monera, protist, fungi, plants, animals

Monera

Which kingdom consists of an organism without nucleus?

Monera

Which kingdom is considered the first form of life on Earth?

Chemistry

The science of structure and interactions of matter

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Atom

Smallest unit of matter that retains properties

Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%), Nitrogen (3%)

4 main elements of living organisms

Proton, neutron, electron

3 subatomic particles in an atom

Nucleus and shell

Two main parts of an atom

Protons and neutrons

What are found in the necleus?

Atomic number

Number of protons

Atomic mass

The mass of an atom, roughly equal to the number of protons and neutrons

Isotopes

Different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons is?

Stable isotopes and Radioactive (unstable)

Two types of isotopes

Duplet

Rule that limits 2 electrons only in the first shell for stability

Octet

Rule that limits 8 electrons only in the next shell for stability

Ion

Atoms that lose or gain electrons

Molecule

Combination of two or more atoms

Simple (inorganic) ex. H2O, O2, CO2 and complex (organic) ex. Carbs & lipids

Two main types of molecules

Covalent bond

Strongest chemical bond, shares valance electrons

Ionic bond

Medium strength chemical bond, attraction of ions

Hydrogen bond

Weakest chemical bond, attraction of hydrogen to slightly negative atoms

Chemical reactions

A process of forming or breaking chemical bonds

Metabolisms

All chemical reactions inside the body (cells) is called?

Catabolism

Type of metabolism, decomposition, breaks bonds and releases energy

Anabolisms

Type of metabolism, synthesis, forms bonds- requires energy

Reactants

Substances used at the beginning of reactions

Products

Substances formed at the end of reactions

Liquid, gas, solid

Three stages of water

High heat capacity, best solvent, cohesion, adhesion, heat of vaporization

Important properties of water

Solute

The compunds dissolved or mixed with the solvent is called?

Solution

The combiniation of solvent and solutes is called?

Acidic

A solution that dissociates H+ and one or more anions

Alkaline

A solution that dissociates into OH- and one or more cations

Salt

A solution that dissociates into cations and anions other than H- or OH-

Neutral

Solution with a ph of 7 is a _____ solution

Acidic

Solution with a ph <7 is a ____ solution

Basic/alkaline

Solution with a ph >7 is a ____ solution

Buffers

Substance plays a key role in maintaing the internal solutions of an organism at or near neutral ph are called?

Bicarbonate ion HCO3

Buffer for blood that is a weak base

Carbonic acid H2CO3

Buffer for blood that acts as a weak acid

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid

Types of macromolecules (organic compounds)

Organic molecules

All molecules that contain Carbon are called?

Monomers

Macromolecules consits of individual subunits called?

Poylmers

Monomers are linked together via covalent bonds into?

Dehydration synthesis

The type of reactions that makes polymer from its monomes by removing water from the reactions (water will be one of the products)

Hydrolisis

The type of reactions that break ploymers ito its monomers by adding water into the reactions (water will be one of the reactants)

Carbohydrates

What is found in grains, bread, potaotes, fruits, and vegetables?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

What are the three subtypes of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

Subtypes of carbs that consists of 3-7 carbons are called?

Aldoses, ketoses, trioses, pentoses, and hexoses

Examples of monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Subtypes of carbs taht consists of two molecules monosaccharides are called?

Maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (glucose + galactose), sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Examples of disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Subtypes of carbs that consists of a long chain of monosaccharides are called?

Starch (storage of carbs in plants), glycogen (storage of carbs in animal/ human liver and muscle), cellouse (part of plant cell wall), chitin (part of athropods’ exoskeleton and fungal cell wall)

Example of polysacchaides

Lipids

Diverse groups of non-polar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon molecules are called?

Fats, oils, waxes, steriods, phospholipids

Examples of lipids

Glycerol and fatty acids

Two main components of fats

Unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids taht contain at least one carbon carbon double bond

Oils

Example of unsaturated fatty acid

Saturated fatty acids

Fatty acids that do not contain carbon carbon double bond

Butter or fat in meats

Examples of saturateed fats

Cis configuration

Hydrogen on the same side of the chain (healither)

Trans configuration

Hydrogen on the opposite side of the chain (may increase LDL and risk of CAD)

Waxes

Fatty acid chains esterified to long chain of alcohol

Essential fatty acids

Fatty acids that have to be provided through diet

Omega 3 and omega 6

Examples of essential fatty aicds

Phospholipids

Molecules with two fatty acids (tails) and a modified phosphate (head) group

Phospolipids

The major components or framework of cell (plasma) membrane

Steriods

Group of lipids that have closed-ring structures