HISTORY FINAL

Domestication

The ability to tame an animal and keep it on a farm or as a pet.

Cultural Diffusion

When one culture spreads around to others (ex. The greek alphabet in Rome, Things spreading around the mediterranean sea.)

Arete

The moral virtue one strived for in Greece

Siddhartha Gautama

founder of Buddhism, (Brahmin) wanted to find an end to suffering

river valleys

A section of fertile land around a river normally surrounded by a higher landmass like mountains or hills.

Phillip II

Became the king of Macedonia, took over ALL of Greece

Silt

(mesopotamia) created the rich and fertile soil of the Nile Delta that help the ancient Egyptians survive

Nile River

worshiped by the Egyptians

Mountainous

mountains surrounding an area (geography)

Julius Caesar

A roman general apart of the 1st Triumvirate

Vedas

Hindu scriptures written in Sanskrit in Ancient Rome

Jupiter

Jupiter, the son of Saturn, was worshiped by the Romans

systematic agriculture

Neolithic period, the deliberate planting and growing of crops and raising of animals for the purpose of consumption

Pax Romana

A period of peace and unity throughout Rome

Paleolithic

Old stone age; a period in history that involves the development of stone tools

Neolithic

New stone age; Nomadic lifestyle is changed for farming

Ziggurat

A massive steep tower where a temple is built; dedicated to a god(s)

Troy

ancient city of trajan war (story)

Hajj

the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca

Iliad/Odyssey

Books created by Homer during the Greek Bronze age

Mohenjo Daro

Largest settlement for the Indus Valley Civilization

epic poems

lengthy poem

Harappan

also known as the Indus Valley Civilization (India)

Senate

the governing and advisory council that proved to be the most permanent element in the Roman constitution

Mount Olympus

Highest mountain in ancient Greece

Homer

Greek writer who wrote the Iliad and Odyssey

Gilgamesh

Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Mesopotamia

Torah

First five books of the Hebrew Bible (Jewish)

Quran

religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God

Edict of Milan

proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire

Constantinople

Capital of (eastern) Roman Empire

Constantine

Roman emperor who made Christianity the main religion of Rome and created the most powerful city, Constantinople

Babylon

Capital of the Babylonian Empire, state of Mesopotamia

Bible

Christian scriptures

Jesus

leader of Catholicism

Abraham

“Father of the Faith” (Christianity)

Paterfamilias

male is dominant in the families

Nomad

has no home; travels from place to place following livestock

Dynastic Cycle

used in China; each dynasty of China rises to a political, cultural, and economic peak and then declines, loses the Mandate of Heaven, and is replaced

Zeus

God of the sky in greek mythology

Brahma

First God of Hinduism

Vishnu (and shiva)

preserver and protector of the universe/ restore balance (Hinduism)

Caste System

Hinduism belief in reincarnation, karma, and dharma; Brahmin

Laozi

also known as Lao Tzu, founded taoism/daoism

Hafizi

term used by Muslims for someone who has completely memorized the Quran.

Marathon

located in Greece (battle of Marathon)

Ashoka

Indian Emperor of the Mauryan Empire, promoted spread of Buddhism

Code of Hammurabi

created by Hammurabi, Babylonian legal text, harsh, standard rules

Twelve tables

Followed by the plebeians (minor people) set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome

Law of nations

legal rules shared by all nations (Rome)

Dynasty

a line of hereditary rulers of a country. (china)

Aqueducts

helped with irrigation

Sumerian

writing called Cuneiform on clay, Tigris and Euphrates (Mesopotamia), Ur\=famous city, polytheistic, Theocracy, Gilgamesh

2. Akkadian

polytheistic, monarchy, Sargon, postal system, clay tablets with cuneiform

3. Babylonian/Chaldean

monarchy, polytheistic, Hammurabi, Nebuzznezar

4. Persian

came into Mesopotamia, Darius, zoroastrianism, theocracy

5. Phoenician

semitic language, monarchies (city states) built ships, alphabet, polytheistic,

B. Egypt – 3 Kingdoms, polytheistic, Old (pharaoh is god), Middle (pharaoh is shepard), 365 calendar, hieratic script writing system, hieroglyphic pictures / Demotic (less formal) ,New, theocracy

C. India – Harrapan

largest civilization, polytheistic, Great bath, peaceful, monarchy and Aryan/Dravidian

D. China – 4 Dynasties

Xia, Shang (farming society, bronze casting), Zhou (longest ruling), Qin, Han, river valleys (mountains, deserts, rivers) aristocracy, polytheistic, agriculture, chinese crossbow/irrigation system, isolated

E. Greece

– (including Minoan- polytheistic, monarch, capital city Knossos/Mycenean/Dorian),used isolation to advantage, independent, City state (polis), acropolis (high/ important buildings) and agora (low/ markets, schools, etc) Peninsula (Balkan and Peloponesian)

F. Rome

Peninsula, mountain range,natural ports (trade routes), Christianity

G.Islamic World

Allah (monotheistic) Sbari’ah\= law code for daily lives, Abu Baker-Caliph leader, expanded territory, Islamic (Muslim)

Ancient Egyptian

polytheistic, believed gods/goddesses controlled the forces of the human world

B. Greek and Roman

polytheistic (until Rome became Christian) Rome had monotheistic religions as well like Judaism and Christianity; Greece (orthodox)

C. Chinese Ancestor worship

based on the belief that deceased family members have a continued existence, that the spirits of deceased ancestors will possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living

D. Prehistoric Polytheism

Paleolithic period, afterlife

E. Judaism – Ancient Hebrews, monotheistic, Israel

F. Christianity

Roman empire, monotheistic, salvation after death

G.Islam

Muslims, monotheistic, belief in Allah, Mecca and Medina

H. Hinduism

oldest religion, polytheistic/monotheistic, Vedas, Reincarnation (K/D), Caste system, Brahman (creator) and Vishnu (protector) India

I. Buddhism

Theravada (strict) and Mahayana (flexible, used daily); spread by silk road, 8 fold path, no caste system, nirvana (escape from Samsara- achieve enlightenment) India

J. Zoroastrianism

Iranian religion, monotheistic, ultimate conquest of evil by good, believed in by Persia

A. Socrates

Greek philosopher, “grandfather” of the scientific method, “an unexamined life is not worth living”, asked questions, no writing

B. Plato

Athenian, made the Republic, made school called the Academy,

C. Aristotle

began school called the Lyceum, founded balance (middle path/ similar to Buddhism and Daoism), invented Rhetoric

D. Confucianism

5 relationships, father to son, older to younger brother, husband to wife, ruler to subject, friend to friend, Patriarchal and #1 priority is men; founded by confucius

E. Daoism

“The way” balance, harmony (Yin/Yang) founded by Lao Tzu

F. Legalism

founded by Han Feizi; belief that all humans are evil, created strict laws and harsh punishments

G.Polytheism

The belief of many gods

H. Monotheism

The belief of one god

A. Science

aqueducts, sundial, calendar for flooding (Sumerians)

B. Math

geometry, calculations of earth’s circumference, calender of the stars, Roman numerals,

C. Medicine

Cutting injured parts off, use of herbs for medicine, Greece began surgical methods

D. Architecture

Neolithic period,

E. Writing

poetry, stories, (Livy-History of Rome)

F. Art

– Latin Literature

A. Development of prehistoric man

\- hominids

Australopithecus

southern ape

Homo Habilis

handyman

Homo erectus

upright human

Homo sapiens

wise human

Homo sapien sapiens

wise wise human

B. Neolithic Revolution

agricultural revolution; Homosapians began building sophisticated societies (new stone age)

C. Growth of civilization – Factors

Cultural diffusion, advancements in technology/literature, etc.

D. Prehistory vs History

Prehistory was written, History has recored records of the past

Archaeologists

studies human history through excavation

Anthropology

studies of human aspects/ past and present

E. Hellenistic Culture

created by the legacy of Alexander the Great; had much influence on literature, the merging of greek and Alexander’s empire

F. Rise and Fall of Rome

Much growth, became the largest empire during the rule of Trajan; Rome began to fall after an invasion of Barbarian tribes which led to unstable government, economic trouble and reliance on slave labor