VET 112 Exam 1

macroscopic anatomy (gross)

able to see things with the naked eye (organs, tissues)

microscopic anatomy

need a microscope in order to see things (cells)

dorsal plane

divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts

median plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal

transverse plane

divides the body into cranial and caudal parts

cranial

towards the head

rostral

toward the nose

caudal

toward the tail

dorsal

toward the back

ventral

toward the belly

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

deep

toward the center, inner

superficial

toward the surface, outer

proximal

(extremity) toward the body

distal

(extremity) away from the body

palmar

back of front paw

plantar

back of back paw

dorsal (extremity)

tops of paws

pleura

a thin membrane in the thoracic cavity that covers all the organs and lines the cavity

peritoneum

a thin membrane in the abdominal cavity that covers all the organs and lines the cavity

connective tissue

holds the body together and gives it support

adipose tissue

fat; acts as an energy storehouse and a thermal insulator

muscle tissue

moves the body inside and out

skeletal muscle

moves the bones of the skeleton; voluntary; striated

cardiac muscle

makes up the heart; involuntary; striated

smooth muscle

found in internal organs; involuntary; nonstriated

areolar tissue

packing material to support and cushion organs

where is areolar tissue found?

surrounds every organ, present in all mucous membranes

reticular tissue

forms the stroma (framework of several organs)

dense regular connective tissue

makes up the tendons and ligaments

where can dense regular connective tissue be found?

fascial sheets that cover muscles

dense irregular connective tissue

forms the tough capsule of joints

where can dense irregular connective tissue be found?

dermis of the skin and fibrous coverings of many organs

elastic connective tissue

in spaces between vertebrae, ligaments, stomach, bladder

cartilage

rigid but flexible

where can cartilage be found?

joints, ears, nose, vocal chords

hyaline cartilage

most rigid cartilage

where can hyaline cartilage be found?

joints at the ends of longs bones, growth plates, tracheal rings

elastic cartilage

very flexible

where can elastic cartilage be found?

epiglottis of larynx and pinnae

fibrocartilage

designed to take compressions

where can fibrocartilage be found?

between vertebrae of spine, between bones of pelvis, knee joint

bone

hardest and most rigid connective tissue

homeostasis

maintenance of dynamic equilibrium

cell membrane (plasmalemma)

flexible, elastic barrier between inside and outside cell

hydrophobic fatty acids

found inside the membrane

hydrophilic phospholipids

found on the outside of the membrane

integral proteins

found within the lipid bilayer

peripheral proteins

bound to inside or outside surfaces of membrane

glycocalyx

“sugar coating"; covering surface cells

mitochondria

produces most of the energy to fuel the cell

ribosomes

protein synthesis

rough ER

ribosomes on surface; protein production

smooth ER

synthesis and storage of lipids

Golgi apparatus

modification, packaging, and distribution for molecules for secretion

lysosomes

breakdown nutrients and digest debris

nucleus

controls cellular activity, maintains DNA

cilia

occur in large numbers on exposed surface; wave motion; short

where are cilia found?

upper respiratory tract and oviduct

flagella

move cells through fluid; long; occur singly

dorsal body cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord

cranial cavity

houses and protects the brain

spinal cavity

houses and protects spinal cord

ventral body cavity

contains most of the soft organs; divided by diaphragm

major structures in thoracic cavity

heart, lungs, esophagus

major structures in abdominal cavity

contains digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

intracellular fluid

largest; inside the cell

extracellular fluid

outside the cell

interstitial fluid

outside vascular system; around cell

intravascular fluid

inside the vascular system; blood stream

sensible water loss

urination and defecation

insensible water loss

respiration, vocalizing, sweating

extracellular has higher

sodium

intracellular has higher

potassium

anions

negatively charge

cations

positively charge

normal pH of blood

7.4

acidic

0-6 pH

basic

8-14 pH

osmolality

measurement of solute concentration in fluid

diffusion

kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration; passive

facilitated diffusion

mechanical drive transporting molecules across membrane’ passive

osmosis

passive movement of water through semipermeable membrane from dilute solution to a more concentrated one

isotonic fluid

neutral; equal concentration

hypotonic fluid

more water than solutes in cell; cell could burst

hypertonic fluid

more solutes than water in cell; cell shrivels

endocytosis

transports large particles or liquids by engulfing them; active

phagocytosis

cell engulfs SOLID material; active

pinocytosis

cell engulfs LIQUID material; active

exocytosis

cell spits out substances; active

active transport

uses energy

passive transport

doesn’t use energy

mucous membrane

lines organs with connections to outside environment; digestive, urinary, respiratory, reproductive tracts

composition of mucous membrane

either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue

serous membrane

lines walls and covers organs that fill closed body cavities; chest, abdomen, pelvis

composition of serous membrane

single sheet of simple squamous epithelium bound to underlying layer of loose connective tissue

cutaneous membrane

organ always exposed to outside environment, skin

keratin

waxy substance that fills cells of epidermal layer, makes skin waterproof