BIOL 21 final exam

lymph

a fluid that bathes all the cells of the body; leaks out of capillaries and goes to your tissues

lymphatic vessels

Vessels through which lymph flows which are studded with lymph nodes (filters and puts lymph away from tissues)

lymphoid tissues and organs

Tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus

lymphatic system

absorbs and returns excess interstitial fluid to bloodstream

lymphatic capillaries

absorb fat (essential for survival) from small intestine and transport it to bloodstream -> liver then stores the fat

bone marrow

production site for infection fighting blood cells (WBC and RBC)

thymus gland

site where WBC knew what they need to fight; chemically recognizes foreign invaders

spleen

site of antibody production, disposal site for old red blood cells and foreign debris

tonsils

defense against bacteria and other foreign agents

thymus

primary organ in the lymphatic system where T lymphocytes mature

immunity

body's ability to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells and even abnormal body cells

tears

this washes away irritating substances and microbes, the lysozyme kills bacteria

saliva

washes microbes from the teeth and mucous membranes of the mouth

skin

physical barrier to the entrance of microbes, acidic pH, sweat, oil and fatty acid; kills many bacteria

respiratory tract

mucus traps organisms, cilia sweep away trapped organisms

bladder

urine washes microbes from urethra

large intestine

normal bacteria inhabitants keep invaders in check

inflammation

fluid buildup of immunity cells, pain

Phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes; neutrophils, macrophages

antigen

foreign to our body (specific response)

antigens

a pathogen has _______

B lymphocytes

mature in bone marrow and secret antibodies to neutralize the antigen

memory b cells

long term immunity (later use)

antibodies

Proteins produced by our body that clumps bacteria so that it's no longer effective or attaches to a phagocyte to attack it

T lymphocytes

matures in the thymus and attacks directly

Helper T cells

enhance the response of other immune cells; notifies body about pathogen

Cytotoxic T cells

attack and destroy, recognizes specific bacteria and kills them

gonads

reproductive organs: ovaries and testes -> produces gametes

ducts

transports gametes and fertilized eggs

male reproductive system

produces, stores and delivers sperm to female reproductive system

testes

produce sperm

Scrotum

regulates temperature of testes

function of reproductive system

produce, protect and nourish gametes. it also triggers puberty, maintains reproductive ability and stimulates secondary sex characteristics + produces hormones

Epididymis

stores sperm while maturing

ductus (vas) deferens

stores and transports sperm

ejaculatory duct

transports sperm and secretions

penis

delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

seminal vesicles

secretes fructose and seminal fluid

prostate gland

secretes milky alkaline fluid to raise vaginal pH

bulbourethral glands

secretes lubricating mucus, cleanses urethra-> cancels the acidity

penis

what doesn't contribute to secretions to ejaculate?

Testosterone

controls growth and function of male reproductive tissues, stimulates aggression and sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics

LH (luteinizing hormone)

stimulates production of testosterone

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

indirectly stimulates sperm formation

testosterone, LH and FSH

what three hormones control make reproductive functions?

ovaries

this has oocytes (immature eggs), secretes estrogen and progesterone

uterus

this is where the fertilized egg grows, and includes the endometrium and myometrium. site for implantation and menstruation

progesterone

prepares uterus for pregnancy

ovulation

when LH peaks mid cycle what happens?

vagina

organ of sexual intercourse, produces lubricating fluids, and is the birth canal

cervix

lower part of uterus that opens into the vagina; permits sperm to enter

uterus

where does a fertilized egg get implanted?

14 days

When is an egg released in the female hormonal cycle?

follicular phase

The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surroudning cells) enlarges and matures. This phase is under the control of FSH from the anterior pituitary, and typically lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. The follicle secretes estrogen during this time period

ovulation

this is when an LH spike occurs

luteal phase

LH secretions continue, corpus luteum forms, progesterone increases

texas lizards

(why sex?) what animal has females that have their eggs fully fertilized already? they are also the exact clones of their mothers

sonoran fish

(why sex?) ___ where studied and found that asexual animals are more affected by parasites

genetic variation

(why sex?) what slows down the transmission of disease due to diversity

peacocks and peahens

(why sex?) these two were studied to see the relationship to female choice; tail sizes

monogamous songbirds

(why sex?) these were studied and found that monogamy is a social solution to father's leaving. mothers want quality males for their children

panamanian jancanas

(why sex?) studied and found that these animals have reversed roles in terms of males and females. Female also fight over mates.

gender roles

(why sex?) what arises from who is competing for mates?

bonobos

(why sex?) animals are peaceful, have high female solidarity, have plentiful food supply, and have egalitarian society compared to chimps

chimps

(why sex?) animals that are male dominated, aggressive, dependent on food trees and have competition w gorillas

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and how it largely influences social conditions

early embryonic phase

2 weeks-> ovum is fertilized by sperm, implants in uterus

embryonic phase

3 weeks through 8-> rapid expansion of cells

fetal phase

what phase is 9 weeks to birth?

fertilization

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell

ovulation

when the egg is released from the ovary

cleavage

repeated cell division; 1->2....

differentiation

causes a cell to become specialized

morphogenesis

formation of organs and tissues during development

morula

solid mass of stem cells

blastocyst

hollow ball of cells

implantation

blastocyst implants in the uterine endometrium

blastocyst stage

what stage is the developing embryo when implantation into the endometrium occurs?

endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

mesoderm

middle cell layer

ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

amnion

holds embryo in fluid

chorionic villi

fetal placenta; connects fetus to mom's blood supply

placenta

large diffusion filter. allows the exchange of nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), antibodies, embryonic wastes, hormones

external genital development

weeks 5-8

external genital development

5-8 weeks: embryo looks more human: arms, legs, hands, feet, face, gonads

week 7- determine gender

male

when there is a y chromosome present

female

when the y chromosome is not present

testosterone

this hormone has a role in sperm development, secondary sex characteristics and is a precursor for DHT

DHT

Triggers the development of male genitals (scrotum and penis)

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Involves XY chromosomes and has to do with the body producing androgens (testosterone) but they can't lock into cells therefore the genitals and secondary sex characteristics won't develop. If there's breast development + vagina there would be no cervix or uterus

5 alpha reductase deficiency

XY male
There's a defect in the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT. These individuals have tested and secondary characteristics associated with testosterone but not a penis or scrotum (DHT specified that)

mitosis

repeated cellular division that ends in 2 daughter cells

DNA

repeating units of nucleotides (composed of sugar) -> code for proteins

Chromosomes

located specifically in the eukaryotic nucleus and is a combination of a DNA molecule and specialized proteins

Histones

packing of DNA

genes

specific segment of DNA that directs the synthesis of a protein -> paired (mom and dad)

down syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

nucleus

where are chromosomes located?