unit 3 ap biology

photosynthesis

captures light energy and produces chemical energy

autotrophs

produces their own food

heterotrophs

cannot make their own food

stomata

pores used for gas exchange on under side of leaf

stroma

liquid interior of thylakoid- location of calvin

thylakoid

site of ldr- disk inside chloroplast

nadph

carries high energy electrons to the calvin cycle

transpiration

movement of water in the plant driven by evaporation of water

rubisco

rate-limiting enzyme in calvin cycle- sometimes used o2 instead of co2 during carbon fixation

photosystem

complex of protein and chlorophyll that uses light to excite electrons

calvin cycle

light independent reaction- makes glucose

light dependent reaction

makes high energy molecules to fuel calvin

photorespiration

when o2 levels are too high, rubisco uses o2 instead of co2 (WASTEEE)

oxidation

the process of losing electrons and hydrogen to generate atp

reduction

gaining electrons from nadph → 3pga

chlorophyll

absorbs light inside the chloroplast

positive control

should see a change in dependent variable (not exposed to iv)

negative control

should not see a change in dependent variable (not exposed to iv)

Aerobic Respiration

produces more atp → glycolysis, Krebs, ETC, chemiosmosis

Anaerobic Respiration

after glycolysis NAD+ is produced by fermentation

NADH

energy carrier (carries electrons)

Electron Transport Chain

e- move through the __ and release H+ into the inner membrane space, creating a gradient for ATP synthase

Glycolysis

cytoplasm-     glucose+2ATP+2NAD+→2 pyruvate+4ATP+2NADH

Krebs Cycle

takes high-energy electrons off of pyruvate, making NADH and FADH2

Oxidative Phosphorylation

uses FAHD2 and NADH to create a proton gradient

Substrate-level phosphorylation

enzyme-dependent transfer of a phosphate group to ADP, making ATP (glycolysis, krebs, fermentation)

Chemiosmosis

uses an H+ gradient to make ~32-34 ATP

ATP Synthase

H+ go through this protein to make ATP 

Mitochondria

site of ATP production

Cristae

folds of the mitochondrial matrix

Mitochondrial Matrix

(higher pH) location of Krebs and pyruvate oxidation

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

the allosteric enzyme in cellular respiration (powered by AMP)

Pyruvate

product of glycolysis (3-c molecule) and most important product for aerobic respiration

Glucose

reactant of glycolysis (6-c molecule)

Acetyl-CoA

pyruvate becomes 2-carbon, producing 2NADH and 2CO2 per pyruvate

Limiting Reagent

reagent that is used up in a reaction→ determines when reaction stops. 

Catabolic Reaction

Reactions where molecules are broken into simpler molecules (exergonic)

Anabolic Reaction

Simpler molecules joined to make complex molecules (endergonic)

Exergonic Reaction

Reactions where energy is released (AB→A+B)

Endergonic Reaction

Reactions where energy is gained (A+B→AB)

Activation Energy

The minimum energy needed for the reaction to occur.

ATP

an unstable source of energy

Enzyme

A biological catalyst that lowers activation energy

Substrate

the molecules an enzyme binds to and catalyzes a reaction on

Enzyme-substrate complex

A temporary structure formed when when an enzyme binds to the substrate

Product

The outcome of a chemical reaction

Active Site

The location where the substrate binds to the enzyme

Cofactor

Binds to the active site to make the enzyme active/speed up - small non-protein molecule

Competitive Inhibitor

Competes with substrate for active site- slows reaction

Non-competitive Inhibitor

Inhibitors that bind away from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape. Vmax will not be reached.

Gibbs free energy 

Visualizes the energy in a chemical reaction

Catalyst

Enzymes that speed reactions by lowering activation energy