med term ch. 6 urinary system

kidney

one of two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the vertebral column on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity covered anteriorly by the parietal peritoneum; function is to remove waste products from the blood and to aid in maintaining water and electrolyte balances

nephron

urine-producing microscopic structure; approximately 1 million are located in each kidney

glomerulus

cluster of capillaries at the entrance of the nephron; process of filtering the blood, thereby forming urine, begins here

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir in the kidney that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter

hilum

indentation on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery, vein, and pelvis are located and the ureter leaves the kidney

ureters

two slender tubes, approximately 10 to 13 inches long, that receive the urine from the kidneys and carry it to the posterior portion of the bladder

urinary bladder

muscular, hollow organ that temporarily holds the urine; as it fills, the thick, muscular wall becomes thinner, and the organ increases in size

urethra

lowest part of the urinary tract, through which the urine passes from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body; this narrow tube varies in length by sex, approximately 1.5 inches long in females and 8 inches long in males in whom it is also part of the reproductive system; carries seminal fluid (semen) at the time of ejaculation

urinary meatus

opening through which the urine passes to the outside

cyst/o

bladder, sac

glomerul/o

glomerulus

meat/o

meatus (opening)

nephr/o

kidney

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ren/o

kidney

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

vesic/o

bladder, sac

albumin/o

albumin

azot/o

urea, nitrogen

blast/o

developing cell, germ cell

glycos/o

sugar

hem/o

blood

hydr/o

water

lith/o

stone(s), calculus

noct/i

night

olig/o

scanty, few

son/o

sound

ur/o

urine, urinary tract

urin/o

urine, urinary tract

a-

absence of, without

dys-

painful, abnormal, difficult, labored

poly-

many, much

trans-

through, across, beyond

-al

pertaining to

-ary

pertaining to

-cele

hernia, protrusion

-ectomy

excision, surgical removal

-emia

in the blood

-gram

the record, radiographic image

-graphy

process of recording, radiographic imaging

-ia

diseased or abnormal state, condition of

-iasis

condition

-itis

inflammation

-lith

stone(s), calculus

-logist

one who studies and treats

-logy

study of

-lysis

loosening, dissolution, separating

-megaly

enlargement

-oma

tumor, swelling

-osis

abnormal condition

-pexy

surgical fixation

-plasty

surgical repair

-ptosis

drooping, sagging, prolapse

-scope

instrument used for visual examination

-scopy

visual examination

-stenosis

constriction or narrowing

-stomy

creating of an artificial opening

-tomy

cut into, incision

-tripsy

surgical crushing

-uria

urine, urination

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

cystocele

protrusion of the bladder

cystolith

stone(s) in the bladder

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney

hydronephrosis

abnormal condition of water in the kidney (swelling of the kidney due to a build up of urine; usually from a blockage in the ureter)

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney

nephroblastoma

kidney tumor containing developing (germ) cells (malignant tumor) (Wilms tumor)

nephrolithiasis

condition of stone(s) in the kidney

nephroma

tumor of the kidney

nephromegaly

enlargement of a kidney

nephroptosis

drooping kidney (floating kidney)

pyelitis

inflammation of the renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

uremia

urine (urea nitrogen) in the blood (refers the presence of azotemia and a wide range of signs and symptoms associated with chronic kidney disease, including polyruia, polydipsia, vomiting, and weight loss; associated with renal failure) (uremic syndrome)

ureteritis

inflammation of a ureter

ureterocele

protrusion of a ureter (distally into the bladder)

ureterolithiasis

condition of stone(s) in the uretere

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

ureterostenosis

narrowing of the ureter

urethrocystitis

inflammation of the urethra and the bladder

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

reflux pertaining to the bladder and ureter (condition in which urine flows backward towards the kidneys; may occur in up to 10% or children, and in some adults)

acute kidney injury (AKI)

abrupt decline in kidney function that occurs over hours to days and is usually reversible (acute renal failure, ARF)

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function (chronic renal failure, CRF)

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

condition in which kidney no longer function on their own; dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary for survival

epispadias

congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis

hypospadias

congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the underside of the penis; females may also have a form of this where the urinary meatus is unusually located

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

condition in which the kidney contains many cysts causing progressive interference with the ability to form urine

renal calculus

stone in the kidney

renal hypertension

elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

urinary retention

abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate

urinary suppression

sudden stoppage of urine formation

urinary tract infection (UTI)

infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract

cystectomy

excision of the bladder

cystolithotomy

incision into the bladder to remove stone(s)

cystostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the bladder (for urinary drainage) (vesicostomy)

lithotripsy

surgical crushing of stone(s) (using shock waves)

meatotomy

incision into the meatus (to enlarge it)

nephrectomy

excision of the kidney

nephrolithotomy

incision into the kidney to remove stone(s)