Q1 SCIENCE REVIEWER

Evolution

can be proven with evidence, can be explained using natural selection, changes in species.

Index Fossil

are a guide for acheologists to determine the geological period. they are; easily recognizable, widespread; shows up in each outcrop & column, short-lived; shows up in one outcrop ( layer )

Fossilization/sedimentation

• Most common

• Plant and animal remains are preserved in sedimentary rocks

Petrification

• Turned into a “rock”

• Minerals fill an organism’s cells

  Ex. wood, bone

Freezing

• Common in museums

• remains gets frozen

Carbonization

• Common in plant remains

• Only remaining component is carbon

Desiccation

• Process of extracting moisture, “dehydrated”

• common in plants

Embryo

refers to the early stages of growth and development/differentiation of an organism.

Molecular Biology

It refers to an organism’s cytochrome C protein found in mitochondria. It is made of 104 amino acids.The more amino acid differences, the less likely it is that the two organisms are related.

Analogous structures

• similar functions

• different embryonic origin

  Ex. wings of bird and insect

Homologous structures

• different functions

• similar embryonic origin

  Ex. limbs of dolphin, cat, and human

Vestigial structures

• no function

  Ex. human tailbone

Natural Selection

It is a process where living organisms adapt and change in response to environmental conditions.

Overproduction

population growth rate is higher than resource rate

Variation

due to genetic mutation in species

Adaptation

 favorable traits to be passed to next generation

Selection

beneficial adaptation = survival

Theory of Catastrophism

George Cuvier; Catastrophes, or sudden, extreme changes/events, affect life on earth through the means of floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Jean Lamarck; Characteristics are passed or inherited by future generations

Theory of Use and Disuse

Jean Lamarck; If a skill, trait, or body part is often used, it is retained. If it is not used, it is removed.

Theory of Geological Change

Charles Lyell, James Hutton; believed that life had changed gradually over time & is still changing

Charles Darwin; ‘‘________ is a process in nature through which living organisms adapt & change in response to environmental conditions.’’

Natural Selection

Directional

1. Favors phenotypes at ONE EXTREME

2. SHIFT in genetic variance

3. One side is favorable

Disruptive

1. Favors phenotypes at TWO EXTREMES

2. INCREASE in genetic variance (due to the presence of two phenotypes as parents)

3. favors both extremes of phenotypes

Stabilizing

1. Favors phenotypes at ONE INTERMEDIATE

2. DECREASE in genetic variance (due to presence of only one phenotype)

3. favors the inbetween

Genetic Drift

It is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant due to random sampling of organisms. In simpler terms, it is a change in genetic variance.

Bottleneck Effect

• Sharp reduction of number of population due to environmental events and human activities such as climate change, volcanic eruptions

Founder Effect

• Loss of genetic variation

• Migration

• New, smaller population in new area originates from an old, larger population in another area

Allele Frequency

% change in allele frequency

Population

 refers to a group of organisms of the same type that live in the same area.

Density

• number of individuals PER UNIT AREA

• 

Distribution

dispersion, spatial distribution patterns of individuals in an area

Random

Uniform

Clumped/Clustered

Geographic range

• refers to the area inhabited by organisms

• Can be affected by biotic and abiotic factors

Age structure

• refers to the number of males and females of each age (pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive

Expanding

• Triangle shaped

• Growing, more pre-reproductive

Diminishing

• Cup/bottle shaped

• Declining, more post-reproductive

Stable

• Rectangular shape

• Equal rates of pre-reproductive and post-reproductive

Reproductive patterns

• Species are naturally equipped with various reproductive strategies

1. Lower forms of organisms reproduce several, small offsprings all at once, with little to no parental care

   Ex. bacteria, algae, most insects

2. Higher forms of organisms reproduce fewer, bigger offsprings.

Exponential Curve

• J shaped

• Unlimited resources

• Birth rate is more than death rate

• constant growth rate

Logistic Curve

• S shaped

• Limited resources

• Birth rate is less than death rate

• Includes a CARRYING CAPACITY (K) in the form of a plateau/flatline; refers to the maximum limit of available resources to support population

• Falling growth rate

Environmental Resistance

are limiting factors of population growth.

Biotic

Predation, competition

Abiotic

Required for resource growth, refers to either an abundance or lack thereof

Amount of rain, amount of sunlight

Density Independent

Impacts population regardless of size

Pollution, natural disasters

Density Dependent

Impacts population depending on size

Predation, disease, competition

DNA Structure

• Deoxyribonucleic acid, deoxyribose sugar, double helix, mostly found in nucleus or some found in mitochondria, looks like a “twisted ladder,” is ANTI-PARALLEL

• Carries genetic information, transfers genetic materials, controls protein (amino acids) synthesis

Nucleotide

DNA

deoxyribose sugar, deoxyribonucleic acid, T C G A nitrogen bases, double strand

RNA

 ribose sugar, ribonucleic acid, C G A U nitrogen bases, single strand

Leading Strand

replicates DNA continuously; runs from 3 to 5 direction

Lagging Strands

replicates DNA in fragments called OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS; runs from 5 to 3 direction

DNA Replication

• Occurs in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

• Occurs during interphase

• Means “synthesizing” or making a copy

• Always follows the direction of 5 to 3

INITIATION

 unwinding

ELONGATION

 base pairing

TERMINATION

 joining

Thymine

Adenine is always paired with _________________ with two hydrogen bonds (DNA)

Guanine

Cytosine is always paired with ____________ with 3 hydrogen bonds (DNA)

Uracil

Adenine is always paired with _________________ with two hydrogen bonds (RNA)

Cytosine

Guanine is always paired with ____________ with 3 hydrogen bonds (DNA

Purine

__________(adenine and guanine) are two-carbon nitrogen ring bases

Pyrimidine

____________(cytosine and thymine) are one-carbon nitrogen ring bases.

Major Enzymes

Enzymes in DNA replication speed up the breakdown of items

POLYMERASE

• Builds new strand in 5 to 3 direction

• Set off by RNA PRIMERS

HELICASE

• Opens up double helix of DNA by disrupting hydrogen bonds

PRIMASE

•  Makes RNA PRIMERS in LAGGING STRAND

LIGASE

• Links OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

SINGLE STRAND BINDING PROTEINS

• Prevent reformation of double helix

TOPOISOMERASE

• Prevents supercoiling of DNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• encodes proteins

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

• forms the ribosomes

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

• transfers amino acids

Protein Synthesis

• Generates new proteins (amino acids, which are the simplest forms)

• Translates mRNA codons (sequence of 3 DNA/RNA nucleotides and corresponds with a specific amino acid) to amino acids

mRNA

has a codon

tRNA

has an anticolon

Transcirption

results in mRNA

Initiation

•  unwinding, promoter sequence (segment that will tell the start of production), RNA polymerase

Elongation

•  base pairing, growth of mRNA, transcript

Termination

• stop codons

mRNA

the type of amino acids is based of

Genetic Mutation

• Can happen before birth or during growing up due to chemical exposure

• Refers to changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

• Occurs in somatic/body (hair, eye, skin, etc.) cells and gametes/sex cells (sperm, egg)

• Caused by mistakes in DNA production and environmental factors such as UV radiation and chemical exposure

Chromosome Number

• NONDISJUNCTION

• 2 parts of chromosome don't fully separate during meiosis

• Causes lack of or extra chromosome

  Ex.Klinefelter syndrome, turner syndrome, metafemale, down syndrome

Chromosome Structure

• DUPLICATION

• DELETION

• INVERSION

• TRANSLOCATION

  Ex. muscle and joint disorders

Nucleotide Sequence

• POINT MUTATION

  • SUBSTITUTION

  • NONSENSE (stop sequence), MISSENSE (different amino acid, SILENT (no change in amino acid)

• FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

  • INSERTION

  • DELETION

• TRANSVERSE

Fertilization

is the fusion of egg and sperm cells. The egg, whether fertilized or not, goes from the fallopian tube to the uterus and implants itself on the endometrium

Uterus

Where a fetus develops and grows

Endometrium

• Inner lining of the uterus

• Site of egg cell implantation

Myometrium

• Middle muscle layer of the uterus

• Induce contractions

Perimetrium

• Outer muscle layer of the uterus

Fallopian tube

• Transports male sperm to the egg

• Provides suitable environment for fertilization

• Is cut or tied for birth control

Ovary

• Female gland/gonad in which the eggs form and where female hormones are made

Fimbriae

• Finger-like structures

• Collect ovum during ovulation

Cervix

• Entrance to the uterus

Vaginal canal

Passageway during childbirth

Progesterone

• Reproductive maturation

• Regulation of menstrual cycle

• Sheds the endometrium

Estrogen

• Regulation of menstrual cycle

Scrotum

• Sac that protects the testis