Anatomy Skeletal Test (Writing)

Name the distal projections that articulate with the tibia.

Lateral and medial condyles

Identify the lower leg bone that articulates with the femur.

Tibia

The head of the femur articulates with which bone?

Pelvis

The head of the femur articulates with what part of the pelvis?

Acetabulum

Is the tibia medial or lateral?

Medial

Which bone does the tibia articulate with proximally?

Femur

Is the fibula medial or lateral?

Lateral

With which bone does the fibula not articulate with?

Femur

Identify the process that articulates with the radius.

Capitulum

The head of the humerus articulates with which bone?

Scapula

The head of the humerus articulates with what part of the scapula?

Glenoid fossa

Name the notch on the ulna that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

Trochlear/semilunar notch

Name the hook-like process that fits into a fossa of the humerus.

Olecranon process

Which bones do the ulna articulate with?

Humerus, carpals, radius

Which bone does the radius articulate with proximally?

Humerus

Is the radius medial or lateral?

Lateral

Joints

The places in the skeleton where two or more bones meet

Fixed joint+examples

Joint that allows no movement: hip, skull

Partially moveable joint+example

Joint that allows a small amount of movement: spinal column

Moveable joint+example

Joint that allows full movement: shoulders

Ligaments

Strong bands of connective tissue

Hinge joint+examples

Moveable joint that allows movement in only one direction: knees, elbows, first and second bends in fingers

Ball and socket joint+examples

Movable joint that allows movement in many directions: hips, shoulders

Pivot joint+examples

Movable joint that allows rotating movements side to side: first and second neck vertebrae

Calcification

Bones begin to harden as they become coated in a layer of minerals

Characteristics of the pectoral girdle

* Flexibility most important
* Lightweight
* Insecure axial and limb attachments

Characteristics of the pelvic girdle

* Massive
* Secure axial and limb attachments
* Weight-bearing most important

What organs are protected by the pelvic girdle?

Uterus, bladder, small intestine, rectum

Functions of the Skeletal System

* Supports body and counteracts gravity
* Supports organs & soft body parts
* Hematopoiesis (blood cell production)
* Stores mineral salts
* Site of muscle attachment for movement

Examples of processes

Condyle, trochanter

Examples of depressions

Fossa, foramen, sinus

Articulation

Where 2 bones meet (joint)

Condyle

Rounded projection at the end of a bone that articulates with another bone

Foramen

A hole or opening in a bone (usually to allow blood vessels to pass through)

Fossa

A depression on a bone

Sinus

Air-filled cavity (particularly in bones of the skull)

Suture

Immovable joint between bones

Trochanter

Large process found only on the femur

Fontanels

“Soft spots” in the skull that add flexibility and room for growth

==Male== vs Female Pelvis

* ==Narrower inlet== vs wider inlet
* ==Curved sacrum/coccyx== vs shortened and curved sacrum
* ==Public angle is

How does a torn ACL happen?

Occurs when a twisting force is applied to the knee while the foot is firmly planted on the ground or upon landing

How does a torn PCL happen?

Occurs when knee is bent and an object forcefully strikes the shin backwards

Thoracic discs allow for

Great flexibility

Lumbar discs

Reduce flexibility but support weight

Sacrum

5 bones but fuse together when born

Coccyx

4 bones but fuse together when born

C1 name

Atlas

Atlas function

Supports the skull and allows for up and down head movement (articulates with the occipital bone)

C2 name

Axis

Axis function

Allows for the rotation of the head side to side

Cranium has how many cranial bones+what kind

8 large flat bones

The cranial bones do what

Encloses and protects the brain tissue

Cranium has how many facial bones

14

Hypoid bone

Not a skull bone, only bone that doesn't articulate with any other bone, anchored by ligaments

Examples of cranial bones

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Examples of facial bones

Vomer, nasal, maxillae, mandible, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal

Frontal bone

Forehead and superior part of orbit

Parietal bone

Superior and lateral walls of cranium

Occipital bone

Most posterior bone, forms floor and back wall of cranium, contains foramen magnus and occipital condyles

Foramen magnum

The opening in the rear of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges

Occipital condyles

Articulate with first cervical vertebra

Temporal bone+4 things it contains

Located on the side of the cranium and contains external acoustic meatus, styloid process, zygomatic process, and mastoid process

External acoustic meatus

Ear canal

Styloid process (cranium)

Projection under the ear

Zygomatic process

Projection off of zygomatic bone

Mastoid process

Round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Sphenoid bone+shape

Butterfly shaped, spans width of the skull, floor of cranial activity

Ethmoid bone+shape

Irregularly shaped, forms roof of nasal cavity

Vomer bone

Forms the base for the nasal septum

Nasal bone+shape

Small rectangular bones that form bridge of nose

Maxillae+what it carries

Fuse to form upper jaw, carry upper teeth

Mandible

Only moveable bone of the skull, acticulates with temporal bone, largest and strongest bone of the face

Palatine bone

Forms posterior part of hard palate

Zygomatic bones

Cheek bones

Lacrimal bones+size

Fingernail sized bones that contain the tear ducts

Parts of the spine

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Typical amount of cervical vertebra

7 vertebrae

Transverse process

Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

Vertebral foramen

Canal through which spinal cord passes

Spinous process

Sharp, slender projection

Dens

Part of axis that allows for the pivoting

Manubrium

Upper portion of the sternum

Body (sternum)

Main section of sternum

Xiphoid process

Lower, narrow portion of the sternum

True ribs

1-7, directly attach to the sternum

False ribs

8-10, no direct attachment to sternum

Floating ribs

No anterior attachment to sternum-11+12

Coronal suture

The suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

Amount of thoracic vertebra

12 vertebrae

Amount of lumbar vertebra+weight held (lots/little)

5; holds a lot of weight

Cartilage in the ribs

Costal cartilage

Transverse foramen function

Allows arteries to flow to the brain

Body function (vertebrae)

Bears weight

Facet function

Articulate with other vertebrae

Transverse process function

Lateral attachment site for muscles and ligaments

Spinous process function

Long, rear-facing site for attachment of muscles and ligaments

Characteristics of sacrum

Numerous foramina and spinous processes

Scoliosis

A progressive condition in which the spine develops curves when viewed from the front or side

Gliding joint+example

Joint that is made when two bones that can move separately meet+wrist

Osteocytes

Scientific name for bone cells