PUBLIC HEALTH 1

Health

State of complete physical, mental, & social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease

World Health Organization

The directing and coordinating authority for health w/in the United Nations System

Public Health

All organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, & prolong life among the population as a whole

Public Health

The practice of preventing disease and promoting good health w/in groups of people

Environmental health

Branch of Public Health that is concerned w/ all aspects of the natural & built environment that may affect human health

Environmental health

Theory and practice of assessing & controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect human health (WHO)

Environmental health

The total relationship of a man to his physical, biological, socio-economic and socio-cultural environment as it affects human well-being

Engineering

The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences is applied w/ judgement to develop ways to utilize the materials & forces for the benefit of the human kind

Public Health Engineering

Control of the environment, with those modifications & protective & preventive measures that have been found necessary for providing optimum conditions for health and well-being

Environmental Sanitation

The science dealing w/ the prevention & control of diseases by eliminating or CONTROLLING THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (Links in disease transmission)

Disease

Abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure of an organism that is not due to external injury

Disease

Opposite of health

Pathology

Study of essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them

Epidemiology

Study of the distribution of a disease or condition in a population

Epidemiology

Deals with the INTER-RELATIONSHIP of the various factors and conditions w/c determines THE FREQUENCIES AND DISTRIBUTIONS of an infectious process, a disease in a human community

Congenital

Present at birth

Acquired

Began at come point during one's life

Communicable

Can pass from person to person

Contagious

Can easily pass person to person by direct contact

Non-communicable

Not passed from person to person

Degenerative

Due to malfunctioning of vital body organ over time

Deficiency (Nutritional)

Lack of nutrients in diet

Allergies

Due to hypersensitivity of the body to certain foreig

Cancer

Due to uncontrolled growth of cells/tissues

Mental

Emotional or psychosomatic

Genetic

Caused by one or more genetic mutations

Hereditary

Errors in genetic code received from parents

Hormonal (Endocrine)

Excess or deficiency of hormone

Immunological

Hyperactive or hypoactive immunity

Latrogenic

Caused by medical treatment / procedure

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Nosocomial

Disease originating from the hospital

Idiopathic

unknown cause or source

Acute

Disease in which symptoms develop rapidly and that runs its course quickly

Chronic

Disease with usually mild symptoms that develop slowly & last a long time

Subacute

Disease with time course and symptoms between acute and chronic

Asymptomatic

Disease without symptoms

Latent

Disease that appears a long time after infection

Local Infection

Infection confined to a small region of body

Systematic Infection

Widespread infection in many systems of the body

Focal Infection

Infection that serves as a source of pathogens for infection at other sites in the body

Primary Infection

Initial infection w/in a given patient

Secondary Infection

Infections that follow a primary infection, often by opportunistic pathogens

Prepathogeneis Phase

Phase before a disease infects an individual through interaction of the agent, the host, and the environmental factors

agent, environment, host

Disease occurrence due to the result of an interaction of 3 factors

Infectious agent

Capable of producing infectious disease under circumstances of host and environment favoring transmission

Infectivity

Ability of an infectious agent to cause infection

Pathogenicity

Ability of an agent to cause disease after infection

Virulence

Ability of an infectious agent to cause severe disease

Host

A living organism that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural conditions

Environment

Ecological conditions that favor the interaction of host and agent e.g swampy areas, bushes w/in households, sanitation etc

Pathogenic Phase

When the agent becomes established in the host;

Start of the 4 periods of the infectious disease

Four periods of infectious disease

Incubation period
Prodromal Period
Period of illness
Convalescent period

Incubation period

Time that elapses (progress) between arrival of the pathogen and onset of symptoms

Prodromal period

Time during which the patient feels "out of sorts" but is not yet experiencing actual symptoms of the disease

Period of illness

Time during which the patient recovers

Chain of infections

The infection process can be described as a chain composed of links w/c are elapsed securely to one another from beginning to end.

Chain of Infection

Mode of transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible host
Infectious Agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit

Susceptible host

Someone at risk for infection

e.g Elderly, People w/ weak immune system

Reservoir

The normal location of the Pathogen

Mode of Transmission

How Pathogens get around

Eg. Contact (hands, toys, sand); Droplets (sneeze, cough)

Portal of Entry

Before the infectious agent can attack a new host, it must have a way of escape from the reservoir infection

Portal of exit

How pathogens get out

e.g Mouth (vomit, saliva); Cuts in the skin (blood); During diapering and toileting stool

Infectious Agents

Organisms capable of spreading disease

Pathogens

Organisms that cause disease

Infectious

Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa, Helminths

Reservoirs of infection

The habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, multiplies, or merely survive until it is transferred to a host

Living reservoirs

Human and animal reservoir

Non-living/Environmental reservoirs

Materials and inanimate objects

Human as reservoir

Intestine, Mouth, Nose, Throat, Respiratory Tract, Skin

Colonization

When bacteria are present in a person's nose, mouth, gut or other site, and do not cause illness

Normal microbiota or indigenous microflora

-resident microbiota
-Transient microbiota (temporary found in body)

Resident microbes

Staphyloccocus (epidermidis)

Proprionibacterium (acnes)

Micrococcus

Corynebacterium

Resident microbes

Staphyloccocus aureus; Clostridium (perfingens); Bacillus

Carries

Person or animal w/o apparent disease who harbors specific infectious

Passive carrier

Carry the pathogen w/o having the disease

Incubatory Carrier

Person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubatory period of a particular infection

Convalescent carrier

Harbor and can transmit a particular disease a particular pathogen WHILE RECOVERING from an infectious disease

Active carriers

Have COMPLETELY RECOVERED from the disease but CONTINUE TO HARBOR the pathogen indefinitely

Active carriers (2)

The carrier state may be short of duration (Transient carrier) or long duration (Chronic carrier)

Animals as RESERVOIR

Rabies (dogs, bats, skunks, foxes)

Yellow Fever (monkeys)

Plague (rodents)

Lyme Disease (deer)

Animals as RESERVOIR

Brucellosis (cows, pigs)

Trichinellosis/Trichinosis (swine)

Tularemia (rabbits)

West Nile Encephalitis (Birds)

Zoonotic Diseases (Zoonosis)

An infection or infectious disease of animals transmissible under natural conditions to man

Anthropod

Invertebrates (w/o Backbones) w/ joined legs & commonly associated w/ human infections (insects, spiders)

Vectors

When involved in transmission of diseases, these anthropads are called \_____.

Anthropods

Mosquitoes, Biting flies, lice, fleas, arachnids (hairy spider)

Environmental/Nonliving reservoir

Air, plants, soil, dust, food milk , water and fomites

Environmental/Nonliving reservoir

Formites (inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens

Environmental/Nonliving reservoir

Healthcare: patients's gowns, bedding, towels, eating and drinking utensils, and hospital equipment

Environmental/Nonliving reservoir

Telephones, doorknobs, and computer keyboards can serve as formites

Portals of exit

Infectious agent escape from the reservoir of infection

Portals of exit

Skin through open lesions or w/ the aid of insects or hypodermic needles

Portals of exit

respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, Ears/Eyes

Direct Transmission

Direct contact
Droplet transmission

Direct contact

Immediate transfer of an agent by direct physical contact

Droplet Transmission

Transfer of pathogens via droplets (at least 5 microns)

Distance is 1m or less

Indirect Transmission

Transmission of agent from RESERVOIR to a HOST by particles, inanimate objects or animate intermediaries (vectors)

Indirect Transmission

Airborne Transmission

vehicle born transmission

Airborne Transmission

Dispersal of droplet nuclei w/c are residue of evaporated droplets (less than 5 microns)

vehicle born transmission

Transmit through food, water, biologic products & fomites (Food & water-borne disease

Fomites

Inanimate objects that have come in contact with sick person