psychology final

structuralism

focuses on the different structures of consciousness through individual parts

functionalism

mental and behavioral processes, not individual structures but evolved functions

gestalt psychology

whole consciousness, including perception, sensation, learning and problem solving

psychoanalytic

behavior and how it is influenced by the ego

* the unconscious
* schema’s and image association

humanistic

humans are naturally good and seek to reach full potential with free will

sociocultural

social and cultural impact on mental perception

evolutionary approach

behaviors and mental processes exist due to natural selection

biological approach

different brain and nervous systems operate and link with biological and psychological processes

cognitive approach

attitudes, memories, and expectations influence behavior

correlational studies

predict relationship between two variables

* no cause or effect

surveys

* skewed data, wording effect
* random people

naturalistic observation

no lab, views natural processes

case studies

analyze different perspectives

\-data can not be applied to general population

longitudinal studies

* one group over a long period of time

cross-sectional study

multiple groups of people at the same time

single blind study

participants unaware of which group they are in

double blind study

both researcher and participants unaware of which group they are in

hindsight bias

believing one could’ve predicted the results of an event after it already occurred

false consensus effect

individuals overestimate how many others share their opinions

confirmation bias

only focusing on information that aligns with their view point

experimenter bias

researchers unknowingly influence the outcome

hawthorne effect

participants alter behavior when they know they are being observed

mean

average of data set

mode

value that occurs most often

median

score that is in the exact middle, smallest to largest

range

highest value - lowest value

standard deviation

average difference from the mean for a data set

positive skew

high the fall down

negative skew

low then rises

positive correlation

0 and 1

negative correlation

0 and - 1

no correlation

case study

one person studied in depth

debriefing

after an experiment that uses deception

* researcher must tell participant what happened

asch conformity experiment

\- in a group, subject will conform to popular opinion

\- 3 magic number

\- 37% will say the wrong answer in group

\-when given a partner, the subject will go with their own opinion, even if it is against the group

Stanford prison experiment

\-conform to roles assigned

\-people will abuse authority if given it

\-wrongful conduction

milgrum study

if an authority figure tells you to do something, you are more likely to do it

\-experiment using fake electrical shocking

\-65% went all the way to the highest voltage

foot-in-door

getting someone to agree with one small thing, leads way for them to agree with something bigger

door-in-face

ask for something large, then to ask for something small

automatic memory

mimic mannerisms in conversations

social facilitation

better-to-better, worse-to-worse

social alofing

lazy-er in a group

just-world phenomenon

people have a strong desire or need to believe that the world is an orderly, predictable, and just place, where people get what they deserve

cognitive dissonance

created when an individual's behavior is inconsistent with his or her thoughts and beliefs

dendrites

\-receives stimulus from sensory organs and neurons

* terminal branch - forms synapse with other cells
* mylein - fat that covers axons

all-or-nothing law

neurons either fire or they dont

absolute refractory period

period after active firing where another a.p cannot occur

relative refractory period

after absolute refractory, when neuron will only respond to a stronger than normal impulse

mri

uses magnetic fields for image of brain

pet

measures chemicals (glucose) in the brain

amygdala

part of brain for fear and emotion

parasympathetic nervous system

a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger.

sympathetic nervous system

network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response.

classical conditioning

conditions a response from a stimulus

pavlovs dog’s

dogs salivate when they hear the bells due to being conditioned

extinction

when unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned response, the conditioned behavior will decrease

shaping

operant conditioning procedure that reinforces behavior

Skinner’s Box

* Thorndike’s Law Of Effect - more likely to repeat a behavior with a positive out come
* argued behaviors were influenced only by external effects
* neglected free will

Albert Bandura

* doll experiment
* children mimic behavior that they see

Social Psychology

the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.

Attribution Theory

how individuals perceive the causes of everyday experience, as being either external or internal.

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency for people to under-emphasize situational and environmental explanations for an individual's observed behavior while overemphasizing dispositional- and personality-based explanations.

Attitude

a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

an indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associative positivity with the message.

Foot in the Door Technique

a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first.

Role

a set of expectations about the ways in which people are supposed to behave in different situations.

Cognitive Dissonance

the perception of contradictory information, and the mental toll of it.

Conformity

the process whereby people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions to more closely match those held by groups to which they belong or want to belong or by groups whose approval they desire.

Social Facilitation

a social phenomena in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance.

Social Loafing

the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone.

Deindividuation

a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self

Group Polarization

the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.

Group Think

a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Norms

unsaid rules or standards that society enforces

Prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority

Stereotype

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing

Discrimination

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex

Ingroup

any group to which one belongs or with which one identifies, but particularly a group judged to be different from other groups

Outgroup

a group that is distinct from one's own and so usually an object of hostility or dislike

Other

Race Effect

Scapegoat Theory

to the tendency to blame someone else for one's own problems

Frustration

Aggression Principle

Mere Exposure Effect

people show an increase liking to things they are exposed to more

Bystander Effect

that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when there are other people present

Reciprocity Norm

the rule of human interaction that says people need to reciprocate the action of another person.

Mirror Image Perceptions

the human tendency to see oneself (especially while in the throes of conflict) as the opposite of the person with whom they are having a conflict.

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

the phenomenon whereby a person's or a group's expectation for the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesied or expected behavior.

Stanford Prison (Phillip Zimbardo)

college students became prisoners or guards in a stimulated prison environment

Conformity (Solomon Asch)

people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions to match those held by groups they want to belong to

Obedience (Stanley Milgram)

a form on social influenced elicited in response to a direct order or command

Memory

the faculty of encoding, storing, and retrieving information

Flashbulb Memory

an accurate and exceptionally vivid long

Encoding

the initial learning of information

Storage

the state of an item that is retained in memory(after encoding, before retrieval)

Retrieval

the process of recovering or locating information stored in the memory

Working Memory

the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks

Rehearsal

the role of repetition in the retention of memories

Spacing Effect

long term memory is enhanced when learning events are spaced apart in time, rather than in immediate succession

Serial Position Effect

the tendency to remember first and last items in the list over words in the middle