Studied by 3 people
the american crisis was read aloud to encourage dispirited troops
pamphlet states that things will get ugly and there's too much to lose if the Americans give up
meant to revive a sense of patriotism
the british wished to separate the new england colonies from the rest through Lake Hudson
General John Burgoyne pushed south from Canada, but General William Howe chose to move his men to Philadelphia
British recruited French Canadians, Native Americans, and Hessians to fight against the Patriots
British suffered from lack of troops and supplies Americans under General Horatio Gates defeated Burgoyne at this battle
battle lasted 3 weeks
Americans acquired the majority of their weaponry because trade was scarce at this time
French entered war on American side
torries vs whigs (torries= loyalists; whigs= american patriots striving for independence)
supporting americans: spanish, dutch, french
supporing british: loyalists, native americans, african americans, hessians
militias and continental armies
guerilla warfare was used
loyalists and natives vs patriots in the ohio valley, western NY and Penn
George Rodgers Clark commanded them and together these frontiersmen were called the Rangers
they were able to seize british outposts
Washington served as a military officer for British during French and Indian war but disliked the meddling of politicians
becuase of his success he became in charge of all military in colonies and one out of seven delegates chosen for continental congress
successfully escaped british troops after realizing their men were poorly trained and motivated them during the winter leading them to victory on christmas night
defeated cornwallis at battle of princeton where they captured/ killed 500-600 british
came up with the idea to inoculate his men with a small dose of smallpox to stop his men from dying off
von Stueben helped train them into the fighters they needed to be
british hoped for large loyalist and slave support in the south and were right
late 1778: General Sir Henry Clinton (new commander) began to seize port cities of Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina, where he lost many horses and supplies and fired cannons on ships on the 38 day voyage
Patriots under Major General Benjamin Lincoln failed to retake Charleston so they surrendered
Cornwallis had Georgia and SC under British control by 1780
Battle of King's Mtn: Sir Banastre Tarleton and Major Patrick Fergueson sparked outrage with laying saste to farmland owned by patriots (the British burned their farms, stole their crops, and demanded slaves from plantations including loyalist plantations); on oct 1780 the patriots clashed with troops along carolina border huting british strategy in south; general daniel morgan led patriot militias in south
battle of cowpens in jan 1781: tarleton lost 800 men to morgan's 100 because americans caught on to how british fight
British general who surrendered at Yorktown in 1781
surrendered 7000 men including former slaves of washington and jefferson
Treaty of Paris 1783: Great britain recognized independence of colonies and ceded all land west of Mississippi River doubling the US in size (900mi expansion)
US agreed not to persecure loyalists, but they were persecuted and moved to Canada
got fishing rights
figured out pre and post war debts
1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)
states remain sovereign and independent
congress was last resort for disputes limiting the central government
congress could make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces and coin money
no power to levy taxes and no regulation of commerce (couldn't tell states to pass a tax or not)
went into effect in 1781
Framework for our U.S. Government with 3 branches. "Government by the people"
Supreme Law of the Land
convention at penn state house, philadelphia may 25, 1787 to revise AOC: all states except Rhode Island showed up
four months later signed a new constitution: 39 delegates including George Washington, Ben Franklin, and James Madison
most delegates agreed with James Madison on need for strong central government and weaker state government
national government should have authority over the people- not state governments
should be able to tax, borrow, and issue moeny
states should not be able to print money (because it leads to inflation), wage war, or levy taxes on imports (according to federalists)
big states proposed the virginia plan: drafted by edmund randolph (gov of virginia), suggested bicameral legislature and representation from each state based on population or wealth
small states proposed new jersey plan: drafted by general william paterson, equal representation in congress
great compromise (conneticut compromise): approved on July 16, bicameral- proportional in lower house, equal in upper house, split three branches to prevent abuse of power- executive, judicial, legislature; congress- senate a conservative force to protect minority, executive- president could veto unless 2/3 majority in both houses (lower and upper), judiciary- national supreme courtto interpret law
south wanted slaves as a part of their vote since slaves constituted a lot of their population: slaves= 3/5 of a person, slaves considered property for taxation, slave inclusion in population figures helped southern states
no discussion of women's political rights
federalist papers (1787-88): 85 essays in support of the constitution
written by james madison (wrote 29), alexander hamilton (wrote 51), and John Jay (wrote 5)
federalists: in support of the constitution, strong central government (argued it would preserve the union and empower federal government to act firmly in national interest); thought representative congress, presidential veto and judicial review were a fair resolution of conflict (checks and balances); embraced urban and commercial growth, finance, banking (as they thought it would lead to economic success), and manufacturing
democratic republicans: Jefferson, Madison (who changed his views because of the national bank), and Monroe; favored southern farmers and hated cities; states rights; less power to federal government; strict interpretation on the constitution
wealth of nations
rise of capitalism
identified causes of properity
specialization is huge in productivity gains (specialize labor force): employees should focus on one task and wages should match job difficulty
both sides benefitted from trade- not just the seller
mercantilism inhibited growth: needed laissez faire
entrepreneurs should be able to compete freely for profits
competition= prosperity
1784- Jefferson's ordinance: territory population equal in size to smallest state population qualified for statehood
1785: plan of sales in northwest territory (northwest of ohio river)
1787- Northwest ordinance: chartered a government for northwest territory and path of statehood, division of northwest territory into not less than 3 nor more than 5 states, detailed 3 stages of statehood admittance:
appointed governor, secretary, and 3 judges to rule
when population reaches 5000 an elected assembly and one elected non-voting delegate to congress (to listen on proceeding)
when population reaches 60,000 Bill of Rights can be written and must include religious freedom and trial by jury and exclude slavery
address given by washington stating his opinion on foreign entanglements and permanent alliances
more widely circulated than the constitution
set precedent for 2 term limit
set national government
set stable frontier in the north and south
bank of US est 1791 was a 20 year charter
Hamilton saw it as an implied power
Madison and Jefferson were against it because they thought the south and west would be discriminated against (thought a national bank was too centralized)
argued nation needed to pay off war debts and federal government should be responsible
sought 5% tariff on wide variety of imported goods
1791- submitted report on manufactures to congress (need to encourage manufacturing and growth through subsidies, regulation and moderate tariffs)
internal tax on sugar and alcohol (all american products)
merchants in eastern Massachusetts asked legislature to raise taxes on their goods (paid only in cash)
Many poor farmers already foreclosed on and unable to vote because you have to gave land to cast a vote
sep 1788- this person and other farmers closed courthouse at Pelham
Jan 1787- this person and insurgents sought to raid a a weapons dump in Springfield
merchants put forth their own money to gather a 1200 man militia led by William Shepard
the resistance of the militia under william shepard resulted in the death of 4 insurgents and 20 wounded
this person and his followers retreated to Pelham hills, were hunted down, and forced to disperse
state legislature eliminated some taxes and fees on farmers
shaped development of how country should run
made alexander hamilton and other delegates gather to discuss concerns about government and articles of confederation
1789- the french revolution began and hamilton and washington viewed it as homicidal anarchy and chose to declare neutrality
the revolution hurt the US economy becuase of decreased trade with Britain and France
John Jay kept US out of conflict
Jay's treaty was created as the only way to avoid war, allowed the US to stay neutral, and protected trade
got british to withdraw from 6 NW territory posts
joint commission to handle boundary disputes
compensation agreement on seized ships and lost goods
treaty approved by 2/3 in senate (30 senators)
300 ships pludered by French even after the end of the Revolution
3 diplomats were sent from America to France to meet with their minister, but before the Americans got to meet with him, they were faced with 3 French representatives who requested 114m dollars
convention of 1800 with France brought peace (treaty of mortefontaine) ending quasi war and the treaty of amity and commerce
disliked large federal debt so he slashed the federal budget
fired all federal tax collectors and cut military budget in half (as he saw it as a waste of money)
wished for westward expansion and access to international markets
repealed whiskey tax
saw debt as the greastest of dangers and sought to make economic changes to resolve their debt
barabry pirates: islamic rulers in morocco, algiers, tunis and tripoli specialized in preying on european and american ships- lead to americans having to pay a tribute to avoid getting their stuff taken
Jefferson advocated military force in Mediterranean
oct 1803- USS Philadelphia ran aground off Tripoli and 300 sailors held captive for one year for 60,000 dollar ransom
US built USS United States, USS Constitution, and USS Constellation to counter piracy and tribute demands
the alien and sedition acts affected this election and was the reason Adams wasn't reelected: he only received 65 votes as the federalist candidate
Jefferson and Burr tied for the democratic republican candidate with 73 votes each
tie breaking vote took place in the house of representatives where they voted dozens of times and on the 36th ballot, Jefferson was the winner
New York City saw this election as a bloodless revolution
Marbury v Madison 1803
sought to undo Judiciary Act of 1801: adams created 16 new federal circuit district court with federalist judges to ensure federalist position and reduced number of supreme court justices from 6 to 5
Marbury was one of those promised a position but Madison refused to deliver Maryland Federalist Will Marbury's letter of appointment
Chief justive John Marshall denied court had jurisdiction in the case
first supreme court case to apply judicial review (allowed supreme court to declare executive branch's decision in violation of the constitution)
Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 was deemed unconstitutional
as a result: marbury was dienied his commission and by reviewing the consitutionality of the 1789 federal judiciary act, the supreme court gained strength as an equal branch of government
1763: France gave Louisiana to Spain
March 1801: Napoleon wanted a French Empire in North America, so under this pressure spain gave back Louisiana and American Federalists bacame alarmed- they wanted to use force against France, but instead Jefferson sent Robert R Livingston, the US minister, to France to attempt to buy New Orleans
Jan 1803: US sent Monroe to join Livingston in trying to buy New Orleans and Florida
April 1803: Napoleon gave up his dream of an American Empire because he was overwhelmed by the slave revolt in Haiti and wanted to go to war with Britain
French offered Livingston and Monroe all of Louisiana
Livingston and Monroe signed a treaty
15m for 828,000 sq mi of land doubling US national territory
Oct 1803: senate ratified the treaty and the US acquired the Louisian Purchase
Hamilton views the purchase as a good opportunity, but a lucky impulse without logical consideration for how, when, and where to occupy this new territory
states that if current settlers move it would weaken central government
overall the purchase causese more problems than solutions
Rufus King questions the constitutionality of the purchase, which was force signed by the president
views this action as problematic
Timothy Pickering responds to Rufus King in agreement stating Jefferson's actions as cruel and corrupt
federalists generally disapproved of the purchase
Jefferson wanted to know more about the lands west of the Mississipppi River
1803- asked congress to fund an expedition
Former army officers Meriwether Lewis (part of the whiskey rebellion and captain of army) and William Clark were chosen
congress gave them 2500 to explore plants, animals, and peoples
May 1804- expedition began in st. lois, missouri
Aided by the Mandan Indian tribe who provided them food and shelter during the first winter
Nov 1805- reached Pacific Ocean
Covered 8k mi
this person was named governor of Louisiana for his efforts
attempted to detach the western states and Louisiana territory from the Union (secession)
hoped to build his own empire
befriended General James Wilkinson (commander in chief of US army)
April 1805- journeyed west seeking support
Dec 1806- arrested on Mississippi River because General James Wilkinson double crossed him
acquitted of charges because of lack of evidence, so he fled to Europe
upon his return to New York he became an attorney
embargo act 1807- all trade with foreign nations banned
american ships forbidden from leaving for foreign ports as an extreme way to assume neutrality
crippled US economy- exports fell from 48m- 9m and ship building decreased by 2/3
Federalists outraged at legislation
March 1809- non-intecourse act- trade with all nations except britain and france
impressed US ships to gather 8000 british citizens to serve in army
1806- british declared naval blockade of entire european coast and American John Piece was killed by one of their warning shots in Sandy Hook, NJ (viewed as an attack on American soil)
1807- British clockaded French islands in Caribbean and HMS Leopard opened fire on American vessel off Virginia coast
defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814
imposed the Treaty of Fort Jackson upon both the Northern Creek enemies and the Southern Creek allies
wresting 20m acres and forbade communication with British and French for fear of retribution
Also defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.
British set sail for Baltimore, Maryland to destroy privateers
Sep 12- britain bombed Ft. McHenry for 25 hours- 133 tons of explosions that could be heard from Philadelphia
Young lawyer Francis Scott Key saw the US flag still flying a day later- wrote a few line sof the star spangled banner
diplomats met in Ghent, Belgium to figure out how to stop violence
after news of American victory at lake Champlain, so british became more flexible
dec 24, 1814- treaty of ghent: agreed to end of war, returning of prisoners, resoring previous boundaries, British pledging to stop inciting Indian attacks, no mention of impressment or neutral vessles even though these were the things that began the war
took 2 months for fighting to end because of distance between germany and US
A battle in 1815 between American and British troops for control of New Orleans, ending in an American victory
british sought finishing blow via invasion of new orleans
andrew jackson rallied new orleans (declared marshall law with 4500 men)
8000 british troops led by sir edward paken ham led attack on Jan 8
attacked by americans at night who got slaves to dig them trenches
over 2k british casualties in 30 min
psychological victory for americans
Andrew Jackson became a national hero
Treaty of Ghent officially ratified Feb 16, 1815
26 delegates from new England region disgusted with Mr. Madison's War all met in conneticut
gathered in secret meeting in which some called for a separate peace with Britain and even secession from Union
wanted to remove the 3/5 representation for slaves (growing slave population weakens northern party)
2/3 confressional approval for war, admission of a state, foreign commercial rulings, not just simple majority
foreign born not allowed to hold fedreal office (this was seen a threat to democracy)
president should be limited to one terma and always from a different state than the predecessor (because almost all were from virgina)
Federalists took demands to washington DC which was smoldering in ashes from when British torched it
messengers received little attention- scorned for treachery in time of peril
seen as synonymous with disunion, treason, and secession (ruined the federalist party and affected the 1816 and 1820 elections)
an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
shorter and more organized travel because of the creation of turnpikes and stagecoach lines
women at home wove textiles which led to the creation of textile mills
factories became huge and good source of income
1850s- US is the fastest growing economy in the world
-The nation's most pressing economic need in the aftermath of the war as a better transportation system. The government helped finance roads such as the Lancaster Turnpike. Even though these roads had tolls, it made traveling across the mountains cheaper.
1787- first commercial steamboats built by John Fitch and John Ramsey failed because of lack of financial support
1807- Robert Fulton's "Clermont" steamboat first commercial success: traveled between NY and NJ on the Hudsoon River, could sail upstream, and very popular because you didn't have to walk home after market trade
-Steamboats in the Great Lakes area was used for cargo and provided access to markets at a reduced cost.
1863- 750 steamboats in the US (2x the amount the british had)
-1873- 30,000 mi of canals in the US (Eerie canal= most successful and was 2000 mi by length)
-When British blockade the Oxcarts were pressed into emergency service 6-7 weeks to Charleston. Amendment for international improvements were made.
railroads became favored method of transportation
1814- Briton George Stephensons built first locomotive using steam engine
1830- 23 mi of track in USA
1850- 30,626 mi of track
steamboats lost popularity because water is unpredictable, we can pick where tracks are laid, faster to build than canals, can carry more goods
steam powered printing press, "penny press," made cheap news papers and led to spreading of new ideas
samuel morse successfully exploited electromagnetic invention to create telegraph system: electrical pulses across a wire immediately and figured out how to do dots and lines actoss any distance
1844- Morse reaches out to patents and Annie Elsworth sent out first telegraph "what hath God brought"
1851- train accidents decreased because of increased communication through the telegraph
water powered mills, coal powered steam engines and new technologies led to the technological revolution
1792- Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin revolutionizing the cotton industry: picks out seeds for you which made it 50x more productive
1831- Cyrus McCormick invented horse drawn reaper to harvest grain more efficiently: 5x quicker and by 1851 his company was the largest farming technologival company in the nation
1837- John Deere- 1st commercially successful riding plow
1844- Charles Goodyear patented vulcanization process for rubber which made rubber strong no matter the weather
The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century
in 1800 the US output 1/6 of Britain
1822- Francis Cabot Lowell developed a mechanized cotton mill at a village on Merrimack River which they renamed Lowell
Lowell System= all stages of textile production don eunder one roof and all employees lived in company housing: paternalistic, vertically integrated company, hired women with good morals (had to attend chucrch and allowed them to attend classes and lectures after the work day which was 7am-7pm 6 days a week)
these mills were meant to help women earn money for a small amount of time, but were given a small wage
whitney's invention made cotton a dominant industry
1812- cost of producing cotton fell by 9%
its labor intensive aspect caused the second middle passage
1860- british textile mills were processing 1B lbs of cotton each year (92% was from USA)
1850- 3/4 world's cotton produced by american south
1850-1860- slaves in south tripled to 4m valued at 4B dollars: $1000 a slave made them highly valuable
georgia to texas became extremely valuable because of the slave plantation
pre 1840s- 60,000 immigrants per year
1845-1854- greatest proportional influx of immigrants in US history (2.4m or 14.5% of total population in 1845)
by 1860- US population 31m and 1 out of 8 were foreign
biggest surge was Irish and German (who were mostly catholic; 6/7)
Irish migrated becuase of the potato famine to escape misery and suffering
Germans settled in towns and cities and worked as skilled laborers
Immigrants sought religious freedom because attempted revolutions against their monarchs failed and they left to avoid violence
hate for irish spread rapidly as they were seen as competition for jobs
blacks in south were equivalent to irish in north
irish stick out and aren't willing to mold into the melting pot
they cause a ruckus and since they were catholic they were thought to bring about destruction
1840s-1850s
A political movement that supported Americans and American ideals over what it was as the influence of immigrants
Also grew power from those dissatisfied with the perceived unresponsiveness of local leadership
Influenced by German and Irish Catholic immigration during the period; Know-Nothings suspected the immigrants of anti-Americanism and feared the influence of the Pope in Rome
Pledged never to vote for any foreign born catholic candidates and pushed for 25 year wait period for citizenship
The name of the movement came from its roots in secrecy' in its early days, member were supposed to answer that they did not know about the organization if asked by outsiders
The movement grew in size and political representation in 1854 and 1855, but it was split by the slavery issue, and most members joined joined the Republican Party by the 1860 presidential election
because of the spread hatred of immigrants a pseudoscience spread called phrenology: idea that head size is related to brain size and character
they claimed that irish and blacks had smaller heads so their mental capabilities were inferior to the anglo-teutonics
urban population rose from 5% to 16% because of increase in factories
31m with 1 out of every 8 being foreign
more than 1/2 of american population lived west of Appalacian mountains
farmers pushed west in a scramble for cheap land in ohio, michigan, indiana, illinois, and iowa
