Exam 2

paine

* the american crisis was read aloud to encourage dispirited troops
* pamphlet states that things will get ugly and there's too much to lose if the Americans give up
* meant to revive a sense of patriotism

Saratoga

* the british wished to separate the new england colonies from the rest through Lake Hudson
* General John Burgoyne pushed south from Canada, but General William Howe chose to move his men to Philadelphia
* British recruited French Canadians, Native Americans, and Hessians to fight against the Patriots
* British suffered from lack of troops and supplies
Americans under General Horatio Gates defeated Burgoyne at this battle
* battle lasted 3 weeks
* Americans acquired the majority of their weaponry because trade was scarce at this time
* French entered war on American side

Various military groups

* torries vs whigs (torries= loyalists; whigs= american patriots striving for independence)
* supporting americans: spanish, dutch, french
* supporing british: loyalists, native americans, african americans, hessians
* militias and continental armies

frontier

* guerilla warfare was used
* loyalists and natives vs patriots in the ohio valley, western NY and Penn
* George Rodgers Clark commanded them and together these frontiersmen were called the Rangers
* they were able to seize british outposts

major military man

* Washington served as a military officer for British during French and Indian war but disliked the meddling of politicians
* becuase of his success he became in charge of all military in colonies and one out of seven delegates chosen for continental congress
* successfully escaped british troops after realizing their men were poorly trained and motivated them during the winter leading them to victory on christmas night
* defeated cornwallis at battle of princeton where they captured/ killed 500-600 british
* came up with the idea to inoculate his men with a small dose of smallpox to stop his men from dying off
* von Stueben helped train them into the fighters they needed to be

southern efforts

* british hoped for large loyalist and slave support in the south and were right
* late 1778: General Sir Henry Clinton (new commander) began to seize port cities of Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina, where he lost many horses and supplies and fired cannons on ships on the 38 day voyage
* Patriots under Major General Benjamin Lincoln failed to retake Charleston so they surrendered
* Cornwallis had Georgia and SC under British control by 1780
* Battle of King's Mtn: Sir Banastre Tarleton and Major Patrick Fergueson sparked outrage with laying saste to farmland owned by patriots (the British burned their farms, stole their crops, and demanded slaves from plantations including loyalist plantations); on oct 1780 the patriots clashed with troops along carolina border huting british strategy in south; general daniel morgan led patriot militias in south
* battle of cowpens in jan 1781: tarleton lost 800 men to morgan's 100 because americans caught on to how british fight

cornwallis

* British general who surrendered at Yorktown in 1781
* surrendered 7000 men including former slaves of washington and jefferson

treaty

* Treaty of Paris 1783: Great britain recognized independence of colonies and ceded all land west of Mississippi River doubling the US in size (900mi expansion)
* US agreed not to persecure loyalists, but they were persecuted and moved to Canada
* got fishing rights
* figured out pre and post war debts

Articles of Confederation

* 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)
* states remain sovereign and independent
* congress was last resort for disputes limiting the central government
* congress could make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces and coin money
* no power to levy taxes and no regulation of commerce (couldn't tell states to pass a tax or not)
* went into effect in 1781

1787 constitution

* Framework for our U.S. Government with 3 branches. "Government by the people"
* Supreme Law of the Land
* convention at penn state house, philadelphia may 25, 1787 to revise AOC: all states except Rhode Island showed up
* four months later signed a new constitution: 39 delegates including George Washington, Ben Franklin, and James Madison
* most delegates agreed with James Madison on need for strong central government and weaker state government
* national government should have authority over the people- not state governments
* should be able to tax, borrow, and issue moeny
* states should not be able to print money (because it leads to inflation), wage war, or levy taxes on imports (according to federalists)

1787 constitution part 2

* big states proposed the virginia plan: drafted by edmund randolph (gov of virginia), suggested bicameral legislature and representation from each state based on population or wealth
* small states proposed new jersey plan: drafted by general william paterson, equal representation in congress
* great compromise (conneticut compromise): approved on July 16, bicameral- proportional in lower house, equal in upper house, split three branches to prevent abuse of power- executive, judicial, legislature; congress- senate a conservative force to protect minority, executive- president could veto unless 2/3 majority in both houses (lower and upper), judiciary- national supreme courtto interpret law

1787 constitution part 3

* south wanted slaves as a part of their vote since slaves constituted a lot of their population: slaves= 3/5 of a person, slaves considered property for taxation, slave inclusion in population figures helped southern states
* no discussion of women's political rights

essays

* federalist papers (1787-88): 85 essays in support of the constitution
* written by james madison (wrote 29), alexander hamilton (wrote 51), and John Jay (wrote 5)

political parties

* federalists: in support of the constitution, strong central government (argued it would preserve the union and empower federal government to act firmly in national interest); thought representative congress, presidential veto and judicial review were a fair resolution of conflict (checks and balances); embraced urban and commercial growth, finance, banking (as they thought it would lead to economic success), and manufacturing
* democratic republicans: Jefferson, Madison (who changed his views because of the national bank), and Monroe; favored southern farmers and hated cities; states rights; less power to federal government; strict interpretation on the constitution

adam smith

* wealth of nations
* rise of capitalism
* identified causes of properity
* specialization is huge in productivity gains (specialize labor force): employees should focus on one task and wages should match job difficulty
* both sides benefitted from trade- not just the seller
* mercantilism inhibited growth: needed laissez faire
* entrepreneurs should be able to compete freely for profits
* competition= prosperity

ordinances

1784- Jefferson's ordinance: territory population equal in size to smallest state population qualified for statehood

1785: plan of sales in northwest territory (northwest of ohio river)

1787- Northwest ordinance: chartered a government for northwest territory and path of statehood, division of northwest territory into not less than 3 nor more than 5 states, detailed 3 stages of statehood admittance:


1. appointed governor, secretary, and 3 judges to rule
2. when population reaches 5000 an elected assembly and one elected non-voting delegate to congress (to listen on proceeding)
3. when population reaches 60,000 Bill of Rights can be written and must include religious freedom and trial by jury and exclude slavery

farewell

* address given by washington stating his opinion on foreign entanglements and permanent alliances
* more widely circulated than the constitution
* set precedent for 2 term limit
* set national government
* set stable frontier in the north and south

bank

* bank of US est 1791 was a 20 year charter
* Hamilton saw it as an implied power
* Madison and Jefferson were against it because they thought the south and west would be discriminated against (thought a national bank was too centralized)

hamilton's federal debt solutions

* argued nation needed to pay off war debts and federal government should be responsible
* sought 5% tariff on wide variety of imported goods
* 1791- submitted report on manufactures to congress (need to encourage manufacturing and growth through subsidies, regulation and moderate tariffs)
* internal tax on sugar and alcohol (all american products)

shays

* merchants in eastern Massachusetts asked legislature to raise taxes on their goods (paid only in cash)
* Many poor farmers already foreclosed on and unable to vote because you have to gave land to cast a vote
* sep 1788- this person and other farmers closed courthouse at Pelham
* Jan 1787- this person and insurgents sought to raid a a weapons dump in Springfield
* merchants put forth their own money to gather a 1200 man militia led by William Shepard
* the resistance of the militia under william shepard resulted in the death of 4 insurgents and 20 wounded
* this person and his followers retreated to Pelham hills, were hunted down, and forced to disperse
* state legislature eliminated some taxes and fees on farmers
* shaped development of how country should run
* made alexander hamilton and other delegates gather to discuss concerns about government and articles of confederation

Jay

1789- the french revolution began and hamilton and washington viewed it as homicidal anarchy and chose to declare neutrality

* the revolution hurt the US economy becuase of decreased trade with Britain and France
* John Jay kept US out of conflict
* Jay's treaty was created as the only way to avoid war, allowed the US to stay neutral, and protected trade


1. got british to withdraw from 6 NW territory posts
2. joint commission to handle boundary disputes
3. compensation agreement on seized ships and lost goods
4. treaty approved by 2/3 in senate (30 senators)

US and France

* 300 ships pludered by French even after the end of the Revolution
* 3 diplomats were sent from America to France to meet with their minister, but before the Americans got to meet with him, they were faced with 3 French representatives who requested 114m dollars
* convention of 1800 with France brought peace (treaty of mortefontaine) ending quasi war and the treaty of amity and commerce

Jefferson and debt

* disliked large federal debt so he slashed the federal budget
* fired all federal tax collectors and cut military budget in half (as he saw it as a waste of money)
* wished for westward expansion and access to international markets
* repealed whiskey tax
* saw debt as the greastest of dangers and sought to make economic changes to resolve their debt

merchants and mediterranean

* barabry pirates: islamic rulers in morocco, algiers, tunis and tripoli specialized in preying on european and american ships- lead to americans having to pay a tribute to avoid getting their stuff taken
* Jefferson advocated military force in Mediterranean
* oct 1803- USS Philadelphia ran aground off Tripoli and 300 sailors held captive for one year for 60,000 dollar ransom
* US built USS United States, USS Constitution, and USS Constellation to counter piracy and tribute demands

1800 votes

* the alien and sedition acts affected this election and was the reason Adams wasn't reelected: he only received 65 votes as the federalist candidate
* Jefferson and Burr tied for the democratic republican candidate with 73 votes each
* tie breaking vote took place in the house of representatives where they voted dozens of times and on the 36th ballot, Jefferson was the winner
* New York City saw this election as a bloodless revolution

judiciary act issues

* Marbury v Madison 1803
* sought to undo Judiciary Act of 1801: adams created 16 new federal circuit district court with federalist judges to ensure federalist position and reduced number of supreme court justices from 6 to 5
* Marbury was one of those promised a position but Madison refused to deliver Maryland Federalist Will Marbury's letter of appointment
* Chief justive John Marshall denied court had jurisdiction in the case
* first supreme court case to apply judicial review (allowed supreme court to declare executive branch's decision in violation of the constitution)
* Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 was deemed unconstitutional
* as a result: marbury was dienied his commission and by reviewing the consitutionality of the 1789 federal judiciary act, the supreme court gained strength as an equal branch of government

louisiana purchase primary documents

1763: France gave Louisiana to Spain

March 1801: Napoleon wanted a French Empire in North America, so under this pressure spain gave back Louisiana and American Federalists bacame alarmed- they wanted to use force against France, but instead Jefferson sent Robert R Livingston, the US minister, to France to attempt to buy New Orleans

Jan 1803: US sent Monroe to join Livingston in trying to buy New Orleans and Florida

April 1803: Napoleon gave up his dream of an American Empire because he was overwhelmed by the slave revolt in Haiti and wanted to go to war with Britain

* French offered Livingston and Monroe all of Louisiana
* Livingston and Monroe signed a treaty
* 15m for 828,000 sq mi of land doubling US national territory

Oct 1803: senate ratified the treaty and the US acquired the Louisian Purchase

Hamilton views the purchase as a good opportunity, but a lucky impulse without logical consideration for how, when, and where to occupy this new territory

* states that if current settlers move it would weaken central government
* overall the purchase causese more problems than solutions

Rufus King questions the constitutionality of the purchase, which was force signed by the president

* views this action as problematic

Timothy Pickering responds to Rufus King in agreement stating Jefferson's actions as cruel and corrupt

* federalists generally disapproved of the purchase

Lewis

* Jefferson wanted to know more about the lands west of the Mississipppi River
* 1803- asked congress to fund an expedition
* Former army officers Meriwether Lewis (part of the whiskey rebellion and captain of army) and William Clark were chosen
* congress gave them 2500 to explore plants, animals, and peoples
* May 1804- expedition began in st. lois, missouri
* Aided by the Mandan Indian tribe who provided them food and shelter during the first winter
* Nov 1805- reached Pacific Ocean
* Covered 8k mi
* this person was named governor of Louisiana for his efforts

1804 election

Federalist Charles C. Pickney gained 14 electoral votes, while Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson gained 162 (landslide victory)

Burr

* attempted to detach the western states and Louisiana territory from the Union (secession)
* hoped to build his own empire
* befriended General James Wilkinson (commander in chief of US army)
* April 1805- journeyed west seeking support
* Dec 1806- arrested on Mississippi River because General James Wilkinson double crossed him
* acquitted of charges because of lack of evidence, so he fled to Europe
* upon his return to New York he became an attorney

Jefferson vs English

* embargo act 1807- all trade with foreign nations banned
* american ships forbidden from leaving for foreign ports as an extreme way to assume neutrality
* crippled US economy- exports fell from 48m- 9m and ship building decreased by 2/3
* Federalists outraged at legislation
* March 1809- non-intecourse act- trade with all nations except britain and france

royal navy

* impressed US ships to gather 8000 british citizens to serve in army
* 1806- british declared naval blockade of entire european coast and American John Piece was killed by one of their warning shots in Sandy Hook, NJ (viewed as an attack on American soil)
* 1807- British clockaded French islands in Caribbean and HMS Leopard opened fire on American vessel off Virginia coast

andrew jackson and war of 1812

* defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814
* imposed the Treaty of Fort Jackson upon both the Northern Creek enemies and the Southern Creek allies
* wresting 20m acres and forbade communication with British and French for fear of retribution
* Also defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

britain and baltimore

* British set sail for Baltimore, Maryland to destroy privateers
* Sep 12- britain bombed Ft. McHenry for 25 hours- 133 tons of explosions that could be heard from Philadelphia
* Young lawyer Francis Scott Key saw the US flag still flying a day later- wrote a few line sof the star spangled banner

1812 peace

* diplomats met in Ghent, Belgium to figure out how to stop violence
* after news of American victory at lake Champlain, so british became more flexible
* dec 24, 1814- treaty of ghent: agreed to end of war, returning of prisoners, resoring previous boundaries, British pledging to stop inciting Indian attacks, no mention of impressment or neutral vessles even though these were the things that began the war
* took 2 months for fighting to end because of distance between germany and US

battle of new orleans

* A battle in 1815 between American and British troops for control of New Orleans, ending in an American victory
* british sought finishing blow via invasion of new orleans
* andrew jackson rallied new orleans (declared marshall law with 4500 men)
* 8000 british troops led by sir edward paken ham led attack on Jan 8
* attacked by americans at night who got slaves to dig them trenches
* over 2k british casualties in 30 min
* psychological victory for americans
* Andrew Jackson became a national hero
* Treaty of Ghent officially ratified Feb 16, 1815

hartford

* 26 delegates from new England region disgusted with Mr. Madison's War all met in conneticut
* gathered in secret meeting in which some called for a separate peace with Britain and even secession from Union
* wanted to remove the 3/5 representation for slaves (growing slave population weakens northern party)
* 2/3 confressional approval for war, admission of a state, foreign commercial rulings, not just simple majority
* foreign born not allowed to hold fedreal office (this was seen a threat to democracy)
* president should be limited to one terma and always from a different state than the predecessor (because almost all were from virgina)

hartfod part 2

* Federalists took demands to washington DC which was smoldering in ashes from when British torched it
* messengers received little attention- scorned for treachery in time of peril
* seen as synonymous with disunion, treason, and secession (ruined the federalist party and affected the 1816 and 1820 elections)

market economy

* an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
* shorter and more organized travel because of the creation of turnpikes and stagecoach lines
* women at home wove textiles which led to the creation of textile mills
* factories became huge and good source of income
* 1850s- US is the fastest growing economy in the world

transportation improvements

\-The nation's most pressing economic need in the aftermath of the war as a better transportation system. The government helped finance roads such as the Lancaster Turnpike. Even though these roads had tolls, it made traveling across the mountains cheaper.

* 1787- first commercial steamboats built by John Fitch and John Ramsey failed because of lack of financial support
* 1807- Robert Fulton's "Clermont" steamboat first commercial success: traveled between NY and NJ on the Hudsoon River, could sail upstream, and very popular because you didn't have to walk home after market trade

\-Steamboats in the Great Lakes area was used for cargo and provided access to markets at a reduced cost.

* 1863- 750 steamboats in the US (2x the amount the british had)

\-1873- 30,000 mi of canals in the US (Eerie canal= most successful and was 2000 mi by length)

\-When British blockade the Oxcarts were pressed into emergency service 6-7 weeks to Charleston. Amendment for international improvements were made.

transportation improvements part 2

* railroads became favored method of transportation
* 1814- Briton George Stephensons built first locomotive using steam engine
* 1830- 23 mi of track in USA
* 1850- 30,626 mi of track
* steamboats lost popularity because water is unpredictable, we can pick where tracks are laid, faster to build than canals, can carry more goods

inventions

* steam powered printing press, "penny press," made cheap news papers and led to spreading of new ideas
* samuel morse successfully exploited electromagnetic invention to create telegraph system: electrical pulses across a wire immediately and figured out how to do dots and lines actoss any distance
* 1844- Morse reaches out to patents and Annie Elsworth sent out first telegraph "what hath God brought"
* 1851- train accidents decreased because of increased communication through the telegraph

inventions part 2

* water powered mills, coal powered steam engines and new technologies led to the technological revolution
* 1792- Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin revolutionizing the cotton industry: picks out seeds for you which made it 50x more productive
* 1831- Cyrus McCormick invented horse drawn reaper to harvest grain more efficiently: 5x quicker and by 1851 his company was the largest farming technologival company in the nation
* 1837- John Deere- 1st commercially successful riding plow
* 1844- Charles Goodyear patented vulcanization process for rubber which made rubber strong no matter the weather

textiles

* The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century
* in 1800 the US output 1/6 of Britain
* 1822- Francis Cabot Lowell developed a mechanized cotton mill at a village on Merrimack River which they renamed Lowell
* Lowell System= all stages of textile production don eunder one roof and all employees lived in company housing: paternalistic, vertically integrated company, hired women with good morals (had to attend chucrch and allowed them to attend classes and lectures after the work day which was 7am-7pm 6 days a week)
* these mills were meant to help women earn money for a small amount of time, but were given a small wage

cotton

* whitney's invention made cotton a dominant industry
* 1812- cost of producing cotton fell by 9%
* its labor intensive aspect caused the second middle passage
* 1860- british textile mills were processing 1B lbs of cotton each year (92% was from USA)
* 1850- 3/4 world's cotton produced by american south
* 1850-1860- slaves in south tripled to 4m valued at 4B dollars: $1000 a slave made them highly valuable
* georgia to texas became extremely valuable because of the slave plantation

immigration

* pre 1840s- 60,000 immigrants per year
* 1845-1854- greatest proportional influx of immigrants in US history (2.4m or 14.5% of total population in 1845)
* by 1860- US population 31m and 1 out of 8 were foreign
* biggest surge was Irish and German (who were mostly catholic; 6/7)
* Irish migrated becuase of the potato famine to escape misery and suffering
* Germans settled in towns and cities and worked as skilled laborers
* Immigrants sought religious freedom because attempted revolutions against their monarchs failed and they left to avoid violence

irish

* hate for irish spread rapidly as they were seen as competition for jobs
* blacks in south were equivalent to irish in north
* irish stick out and aren't willing to mold into the melting pot
* they cause a ruckus and since they were catholic they were thought to bring about destruction

know nothings

1840s-1850s

* A political movement that supported Americans and American ideals over what it was as the influence of immigrants
* Also grew power from those dissatisfied with the perceived unresponsiveness of local leadership
* Influenced by German and Irish Catholic immigration during the period; Know-Nothings suspected the immigrants of anti-Americanism and feared the influence of the Pope in Rome
* Pledged never to vote for any foreign born catholic candidates and pushed for 25 year wait period for citizenship
* The name of the movement came from its roots in secrecy' in its early days, member were supposed to answer that they did not know about the organization if asked by outsiders
* The movement grew in size and political representation in 1854 and 1855, but it was split by the slavery issue, and most members joined joined the Republican Party by the 1860 presidential election

immigration part 2

* because of the spread hatred of immigrants a pseudoscience spread called phrenology: idea that head size is related to brain size and character
* they claimed that irish and blacks had smaller heads so their mental capabilities were inferior to the anglo-teutonics

1860 population

* urban population rose from 5% to 16% because of increase in factories
* 31m with 1 out of every 8 being foreign
* more than 1/2 of american population lived west of Appalacian mountains
* farmers pushed west in a scramble for cheap land in ohio, michigan, indiana, illinois, and iowa

who was Thomas Paine?

he was a writer during the 1770s

what did paine write and what did it do?

\-”Common Sense” pamphlet

\-inspired the colonies and those fighting to stand up to the British

\-Washington read it to his troops on Christmas night 1776 and they won the battle the next day

when was the Battle of Saratoga and who won?

\-1777

\-U.S.

what was GBs goal at Saratoga?

separate the NE colonies from the rest

what happened after saratoga?

the french entered the war on our behalf

who fought on behalf of U.S. against GB during the American Revolution?

france, spain, and colonial patriots

who fought on behalf of GB against US during the American Revolution?

hessians, germans, and NAs

what were some characteristics of the frontier?

\-in the West

\-Loyalists & NAs vs. isolated Patriots along the Ohio Valley, West NJ, and Penn.

who united patriots on the frontier & how many did he unite?

George Rogers Clark via Guerilla warfare; 170

why did the American Rev. begin to move south?

because the British wanted to recruit Loyalists and slaves

in 1778 what did General Sir Henry Clinton seize and whose side was he on?

\-he seized strategic port cities of Savannah and Charleston (in the south)

\-British

what patriot Major failed to retake Charleston after GB gained control in 1778?

Major General Benjamin Lincoln

what British General had Georgia and SC under control by 1780?

General Charles Cornwallis

what was the climate of the war (Amer. Rev.) after it moved south?

it looked bleak for americans because of the 3 major losses

what were the 3 major losses when the Amer. Rev. moved south?

\-british seized major port cities in Savannah and Charleston (1778)

\-patriots failed to retake charleston

\-SC under british control by 1780

who was cornwallis?

he was a british general

what happened (result-wise) at the Battle of Princeton in 1777 (Jan. 2)?

\-Cornwallis lost to Washington

what was cornwallis’ only real victory?

in 1780 when he controlled Georgia and SC (when the war moved south)

what were cornwallis’ main losses?

\-Battle of Princeton 1777 (Jan. 2) : Washington

\-1781 retreat to Yorktown peninsula→ NY when he controlled the British army

\- 1781 (Oct. 17) surrenders, but not in person

what were the components of the Treaty of Paris in 1783?

\-GB recognized the 13 colonies were ind.

\-GB gave US all last in the West→Mississippi River (we doubled in size)

\-US agreed to not persecute Loyalists

(-Spain regained the Floridas)

what was the result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783?

\-US now had a representative democracy

\-tons of state constitutions started being created tp ensure ind. rights

\-strong fear of central authority

why were the Articles of Confederation termed the “Articles of Disaster”?

because of their disorganization

what were the components of the Articles of COnfederation?

\-13 states remain sovereign & independent-- COngress is a LAST RESORT

\-Congress could make treaties and allainces

\-no power to levy taxes or regulate commerce

when did the Articles of Confederation go into effect?

1781

when did GB vote to end the Amer. Rev. officially in US?

on Feb. 27, 1782

what was the Treaty of Amity & COmmerce?

\-a treaty w France, signed in Paris in 1778

\-paris recognized colonies as ind.

when was the war over in the states?

on Oct. 17, 1781

why did the constitution in 1787 get made?

because of how bad the Articles of Confederation were

when & where was the constitution made?

\-Convention @ Penn. State House in Philadephia

\-May 25, 1787

what did James Madison argue was needed when they were creating the constitution?

a stronger national government

how many people were in attendance (and signed) at the constitutional convention?

31

what were the key ideas of creating the constitution?

\-national gov’t should have authority over the people-- not state gov’t

\-gov’t should be able to tax, borrow, & issue money

\-states should NOT have the ability to print money, wage war, or levy taxes on imports (Federalist approach --2 gov’ts sharing power)

what were the 2 plans of national gov’t discussed and which did they choose?

\-virginia and new jersey paln

\-they chose the great compromise (connecticut compromise)

what was the virginia plan & who proposed it?

\-a bicameral legislature & representation from each stte based on pop./wealth

\-Edmund Randolph

what was the new jersey plan & who proposed it?

\-equal representation in congress

\-william paterson

what (general) was the great compromise?

\-bicameral: proportional in lower & equal in upper

\-3 branches

what (specifically) was the great compromise & why was is selected?

\-comprised of Congress, Executive, and Judiciary branches

\-chosen to present abuse of power

what was the role of Congress?

\-the legislative

\-Senate a conservative force to protect the minority

what was the role of the Executive?

\-President had the ability to veto unless there was a 2/3 majority in both houses

what was the role of the Judiciary?

\-National Supreme Court

\-to interpret laws

what was the consensus of women and slave representation in gov’t?

\-women=none

\-slave= 3/5

when were the Bill of Rights created & who prompted their creation?

\-May 1789

\-Madison

how many of Madison’s proposed Constitutional Amendments get ratified & how many requests did he receive?

\-12 proposed, 10 ratified

\-100s of requests

what were some of the “main” Constitutional amendments that protected individual rights?

\-1st: no law respecting establishment of religion or prohibition of free exercise

\-others safeguarded speech, assembly, press, firearms, no to housing soldiers, no to unreasonable searches, right to refuse to testify against oneself, speedy public trial w impartial jury, & protection against cruel and unusual punishment

what was a result of the debates over the constitution?

the birth of political parties (Federalists vs. Republicans)

who were the federalists?

people who supported the constitution bc they believed it would preserve the Union & empower fed gov’t to act firmly in national interest

what were published between 1787-88 & what did they support?

\-Federalist papers (James Madison-29; Hamilton-51; John Jay-5)

\-the constitution and for its ratification (not ratified yet)

when was the constitution actually ratified?

June 21, 1788

what were the concerns of Anti-Federalists/Demo-Rep in regards to the constitution & who were some of them?

\-feared central gov’t= dangerous & lead to corruption & tyranny

\-there was no bill of rights to protect thr ordinary

\-Patrick Henry & James Monroe

who led the Federalists?

alexander hamilton