MT Test: Gastroenterology (1-3)

anorexia

lack or loss of appetite

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing or eating

polyphagia

excessive eating due to an overactive thyroid gland, diabetes, mellitus, or a psychiatric illness

cheilitis

Inflammation and cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth due to infection, allergies, or nutritional deficiency

sialolithiasis

a stone that forms in the salivary gland and becomes lodged in the duct, blocking the flow of saliva

stomatitis

inflammation of the oral mucosa

dyspepsia

indigestion with mild, temporary epigastric pain, sometimes with gas or nausea

esophageal varices

swollen, protruding veins in the mucosa of the lower esophagus

gastritis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach due to spicy foods, excess acid production, or bacterial infection.

gastroenteritis

acute inflammation or infection of the stomach and intestines due to a virus or bacterium

gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)

chronic inflammation and irritation due to reflux of stomach acid back into the esophagus because the lower esophageal sphincter does not close tightly.

pyrosis

heartburn; temporary inflammation of the esophagus dues to reflux of stomach acid

hematemesis

nausea

an unpleasant, queasy feeling in the stomach that precedes the urge to vomit.

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa to form an ulcer

ileus

abnormal absence of peristalsis in the small and large intestines

intussusception

telescoping of a segment of the intestine

volvulus

twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction (malrotation)

appendicitis

inflammation and infection of the appendix. Undigested material becomes trapped in the lumen of the appendix

colic

Common disorder in babies. There is crampy abdominal pain soon after eating

diverticulum

weakness in the wall of the colon where the mucosa forms a pouch

diverticulitis

inflammation, infection of the diverticula caused by feces trapped inside of a diverticulum

diverticulosis

condition of multiple diverticula

dysentery

watery diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus often caused by bacterial, protozoa, or viral infection

celiac disease

Autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to the gluten found in certain grains

inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)

chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines. (Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis)

irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)

Disorder of the function of the colon, although the mucosa of the colon never shows any visible signs of inflammation. Thought to be psychosomatic.

polyp

Small, fleshy, benign or precancerous growth in the mucosa of the colon

hemorrhoids

swollen, protruding veins in the rectum or on the skin around the anus

proctitis

inflammation of the rectum

rectocele

protruding wall of the rectum pushes on the adjacent vaginal wall, causing it to collapse inward and block the vaginal canal or even to protrude to the outside of the body

constipation

Failure to have regular, soft bowel movements

diarrhea

abnormally frequent, loose, and sometimes watery feces

flatulence

the presence of excessive amounts of gas in the stomach or intestines

incontinence

Inability to voluntarily control bowel movements

adhesions

Fibrous bands that form after abdominal surgery. They bind in the intestines to each other or to other organs, binding so tightly that peristalsis and intestinal function can be affected

hernia -

weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or abdominal wall. The intestine bulges through the defect.

peritonitis

Inflammation and infection of the peritoneum. Occurs when an ulcer, diverticulum or cancerous tumor eats through the wall of the stomach or intestines or when an inflamed appendix ruptures

ascites

accumulation of fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity.

cirrhosis

Chronic, progressive inflammation and finally irreversible degeneration of the liver, with nodules and scarring

hepatitis

inflammation and infection of the liver from the hepatitis virus

jaundice

yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood

cholecystitis

acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder.

cholelithiasis

one or more gallstones in the gallbladder.

choledocholithiasis

a gallstone that is stuck in the common bile duct

pancreatitis

inflammation or infection of the pancreas

CLO test

Rapid screening test to detect the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

culture and sensitivity(C&S)

test that uses a culture to determine which bacterium is causing an intestinal infection and a sensitivity test to determine which antibiotic drugs it is sensitive to.

fecal occult blood test

Test for occult (hidden) blood in the feces.

gastric analysis

test to determine the amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

ova and parasites(O&P)

test to determine if there is a parasitic infection in the gastrointestinal tract.

barium enema(BE)

Procedure that uses liquid radiopaque contrast inserted into the rectum and colon.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

the contrast dye is injected by a catheter to visualize the common bile duct and pancreatic duct

upper gastrointestinal series(UGI)

procedure that uses a liquid radiopaque contrast that is swallowed. coats and outlines the walls of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

nasogastric tube

procedure to insert a long, flexible tube through the nostril into the stomach.

abdominocentesis

procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a needle and a vacuum container

appendectomy

removal of the appendix

biopsy

removal small piece of tissue

anastomosis

rejoining of the intestine

cholecystectomy

removal of the gallbladder

choledocholithotomy

procedure to make an incision in the common bile duct to remove a gallstone

colostomy

procedure to remove the diseased part of the colon and create a new opening in the abdominal wall where feces can leave the body

stoma

mouth like opening

endoscopy

Procedure that uses an endoscope to internally examine the gastrointestinal tract

exploratory laparotomy

procedure that uses a long abdominal incision to open the abdominopelvic cavity widely so that it can be expolored

gastrectomy

removal of all or part of the stomach

gastroplasty

Procedure to treat severe obesity. Staples are used to make a small stomach pouch.

gastrostomy

Procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the stomach to insert a gastrostomy feeding tube.

hemorrhoidectomy

emoval of hemorrhoids

herniorrhaphy

procedure that uses sutures to close a defect in the muscle wall where there is a hernia

jejunostomy

Procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the jejunum through which to insert a jejunostomy feeding tube.

polypectomy

removal of polyps

antacids

Medications that neutralize the acids in the stomach

antibiotics

Drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

antidiarrheals

control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

antiemetics

control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

H2 blockers

treat peptic ulcers by blocking H2 (histamine 2) receptors in the stomach that trigger the release of HCl

laxatives

treat constipation by softening the stool, adding dietary fiber, or directly stimulating the intestinal mucosa

proton pump inhibitors

treats heartburn, peptic ulcers, and GERD by blocking the final step in the production of HCl

an

without, not

anti

against

de

reversal, without

dia

complete, through

dys

abnormal, painful, difficult

endo

withing, inner

hyper

above, more than normal

intra

within

mal

bad, inadequate

meso

middle

par-

beside

peri

around

poly

many, much

retro

backward, behind

sub

under, below, less than

trans

across, through

ase

enzyme

cele

hernia

centesis

puncture to remove fluid

cyte

cell

ectomy

surgical excision, removal