BI 222 Final

anatomy

the structure or parts, taken as a whole

collagen fiber

flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

glial cell

nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport

physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

loose connective tissue

Tissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Contains collagenous, elastic, and recticular fibers.

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

hormone

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

fibrous connective tissue

A dense tissue with large numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles. This is the dominant tissue in tendons and ligaments.

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

regulators vs conformers

A conformer is dependent upon the changes in the external environment, whereas a regulator can control their internal environment regardless of external environmental change to a large extend.

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

endotherm

An animal whose body controls and regulates its temperature by controlling the internal heat it produces

novel emergent property

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

blood

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

ectotherm

an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

thermoregulation

the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

simple squamous epith.

Lines surfaces involved in transport of gases and fluids (lung alveoli or blood vessels); also forms layer of serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum), one layer of squashed cells

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

vasodilation

increase in diameter of a blood vessel

stratified squamous epith.

Multiple layers of flattened cells; may or may not contain keratin

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

vasoconstriction

Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial blood vessels.

connective tissue

provides support for your body and connects all its parts

cardiac muscle

Muscle of the heart

countercurrent heat exchange

arteries and veins close together/cold venous blood warmed by arterial blood before going to body core

fibroblast

a cell in connective tissue that produces collagen and other fibers.

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

matrix

the surroundings within which something begins or develops

neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

absorption

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

bulk feeders

ingest large pieces of food

carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

elimination

act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces

gastrovascular cavity

Digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food

omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals

suspension feeders

An aquatic animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from the water

alimentary canal

the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

essential nutrients

substances the body must get from foods because it cannot manufacture them at all or fast enough to meet its needs. These nutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water

filter feeders

organism that takes in water to filter out the food and then releases the extra water (clam, oysters, sponge)

oral cavity

mouth

ingestion

Intake of food

substrate feeders

animals that live in or on their food source

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

fluid feeders

suck or lap up blood, nectar, or other fluids

esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

sphincter

ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

salivary gland

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

peristalsis

the process of wave-like smooth muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along

pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

pancreas; alkaline, and helps digestion by neutralizing the stomach acid containing the food as it passes into the duodenum.

stomach

A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat.

liver

produces bile

chyme

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food

gall bladder

An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine

proteases

enzymes that break down proteins

small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

gastrin

Digestive hormone that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice from the stomach

duodenum

first part of the small intestine; just after stomach

gastric juice

digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase

glycogen

Storage form of glucose

villi

Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

the acid of gastric juice

microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach

large intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body. cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

digestive juices

The mixture of enzymes and other chemicals produced by the digestive system.

mutualistic microorganism

helps break down plant matter and digestion

cecum

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines. helps with plant matter digestion

bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

ruminant stomach

Specialized four-compartment stomach consisting of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

colon

the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces; first, coiled part of large intestine

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

pancreas; Bicarbonate is alkaline, and helps digestion by neutralizing the stomach acid containing the food as it passes into the duodenum.

rectum

A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

pancreatic lipase

breaks down fats; secreted into the duodenum

open circulatory system

A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.

pulmonary circuit

Carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs

sympathetic div. of NS

fight or flight response. Norepinephrine and epinephrine

closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

parasympathetic div. of NS

rest and relaxation; acetylcholine

hemolymph

the fluid that circulates through the body of an animal that has an open circulatory system

cardiac cycle

one complete heartbeat

norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal

systole

Contraction of the heart

epinephrine

adrenaline

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

diastole

Relaxation of the heart

acetylcholine

enables muscle action, learning, and memory