Psych Exam 2

Default mode network (DMN)

Maintains a high level of unconscious, background activity as it help prepare the brain for conscious thought. Decreases when a person engages in conscious task requiring attention.

Circadian rhythm

daily biological rhythm

biological clock

internal mechanism that provides an approximate schedule for various physical processes.

How do circadian rhythm and biological clock differ?

Circadian rhythm is included in the biological clock and can be affected by jet lag, sunlight, age

How technology and artificial light interfere with our circadian rhythm.

It alters sleep by breaking down melatonin

melatonin

hormone that regulates sleep cycles

Stages of sleep

Non-REM (N1, N2, N3, N4), REM

N1

Some theta wave activity. Lasts 10-15 minutes (light sleep)

N2

Reduces heart rate and muscle tension. Includes K complexes and sleep spindles. Lasts 15 minutes (light sleep)

N3

Mild delta wave activity (deep sleep)

N4

Increased delta wave activity (deep sleep)

REM

Vivid dreaming, beta and theta waves, body paralysis to prevent injury (light sleep)

beta waves

Person is actively thinking and alert

alpha waves

person is awake but relaxed

gamma waves

person is processing sensory input, particularly visual stimuli

theta waves

wave form 4-7 cycles per second, found in lighter stages of N-REM sleep (N1 & N2)

Delta waves

wave form of 1-4 cycles per second, found in deep N-REM sleep (N3 & N4)

sleep terror

occurs in N4 in which sleeper wakes suddenly in great distressi

insomnia

inability to initiate or maintain normal sleep

narcolepsy

intrusion of REM into waking hours

sleep apnea

person stops breathing while asleep

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

otherwise healthy infant dies while asleep

restless leg syndrome (RLS)

involuntary movement of an extremity, usually one leg

coma

state of deep unconsciousness resulting from brain damage or illness. Absence of brain wave changes that indicate sleep stages

vegetative state

state following brain injury featuring wakefulness without consciousness

tolerance

person must take larger quantities of a drug to produce the desired effects

withdrawal

set of effects that are opposite of those produced by the drug

Emotion

combo of arousal, physical sensation and subjective feelings that occur spontaneously

motivation

process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal

mood

more general state of emotion, typically lasts longer

James-Lange theory of emotion

physical sensation → indicates feelings

Cannon-bard theory of emotion

simultaneous and independent occurrence of physicality and subjective feelings.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory of emotion

intermediate step between physical sensations and feelings

display rule

cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express an emotion.

homeostasis

internal balance (temperature, pH, fluids, etc.)

set point

value of variables that homeostasis maintains

drive

state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival. Action is related to stimulus

drive reduction

state of relief and reward produced by removing tension and arousal of drive state

intrinsic reward

internal (eg. accomplishment when a goal is met)

extrinsic reward

outside source (eg. grades, money, praise)

anorexia nervosa

unusually low body weight and distorted body image

bulimia nervosa

bingeing, purging, feelings of depression, disgust, loss of control

binge-eating disorder

bingeing without compensatory behaviors (eg. without vomiting, laxatives, etc.)

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Lower levels must be satisfied before the individual can pursue higher-level needs. Self actualization is a state of having fulfilled your potential.

3 categories of behavior

reflexes, instinct, learned behavior

reflexes

inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli; fast, reliable, inflexible

examples of reflexes

sneeze, goosebumps

instincts

fixed action patterns, run until complete; lack of dependence on experience

examples of instinct

yawning, blinking

learning (learned behavior)

relatively permanent change in behaviore

example of learning

riding a bike

3 main types of learning

associative, non-associative, observational

Associative learning

form associations among stimuli, behaviors, or both

subclasses of associative learning

classical conditioning and operative conditioning

classical conditioning

type of learning in which associations are formed between 2 stimuli that occur sequentially in time. ex. sting of a bee

operant conditioning

associate behaviors and consequences. ex study hard → good grade

Non associative learning

involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli

subclasses of non-associative learning

habituation and sensitization

habituation

reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease

sensitization

increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus

observational learning

social learning or modeling; learning by watching others

generalization

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus. ex. salivating to bell adjacent soundsd

discrimination

learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

positive reinforcement

give something to encourage behavior (reward)

conditioned reinforcer

gains value from being associated with other valued things. Ex. money, praise

negative reinforcement

increase behaviors that allow for escape or avoidance of unpleasant consequences. ex. take away chores to encourage coming home on time

punishment

eliminates or reduces frequency of behavior by adding something unpleasant/removing something pleasant

reinforcement

encourages desired behavior by adding something pleasant/removing something unpleasant

Positive punishment

add something unpleasant. ex. spanking

negative punishment

remove something pleasant. ex. take away allowance

Schedules of reinforcement

partial, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

Partial reinforcement schedule

reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions but not others

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule

reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors. ex. Praising kids for raising their hands every 3rd time

Variable ratio

reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviors

Fixed Interval (FI) schedule

1st response following a specific interval is reinforced. ex. praising the 1st hand raised every 5 minutes

Variable Interbal (VI) schedule

1st response following a varying period is reinforced

shaping

method for increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur (method of successive approximations)

Bandura’s study

Bobo doll experiment: 3 control groups with different rewards for aggression; imitation and components of modeling behavior

components of modeling behavior

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

3 steps of memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

encoding

process fo acquiring info and transferring it to memory. Visual and acoustic info, somatic and meaningful code.

storage

retention of memories in the brain. Does not generate exact records, errors and distortions can occur

retrieval

recovery of stored info. Most common causes of retrieval failure are interference and stress.

sensory memory

1st stage of Atkinson-Shiffrin information processing model. Holds enormous amount of information for a very short amount of time (a few seconds)

sensory memory codes

visual, haptic (touch), acoustic (sounds+words, lasts longer)

short-term memory

2nd stage of Atkinson-Shiffrin model; holds small amount of info for a limited time. Memory lasts 30 seconds at most

working memory

extension of short-term memory that includes active manipulation of multiple types of info simultaneously allows complex and multiple processes to occur simultaneously.

Primacy

storage in long-term memory; those rehearsed the most are more likely to move to long term memory

recency

superior recall for last words on the list; those items remain in working memory at time of recall

rehearsal

repeating info to keep in short term memory; easily displaced by new behavior

chunking

grouping similar or meaningful info together

2 categories of long term memory

declarative and nondeclarative

Declarative memory

those that are easy to “declare” or discuss verbally. Also called explicit memory.

subcategories of declarative memory

semantic memory, episodic memory, autobiographical memory

semantic memory

general knowledge in the form of word meanings and facts. Organized into categories, provides objective understanding of our world.

Episodic memory

more personal account of past experiences, organizes as a timeline. Provides reference point for our subjective experience of the self.

autobiographical memories

contain factual, semantic aspects of personal experiences without episodic aspects. Ex. knowing birthplace without remembering birth

how to tell difference between semanyoutube

tic and episodic memory

source of information, focus of the memory.

nondeclarative memory

unconscious or implicit memories that are difficult to verbalize. Influences our behavior without conscious awareness of having used a memorysub

subcategories of nondeclarative memory

procedural memory, priming, classical conditioning