Pharm Quiz 1

CHAPTER 1: The Nursing Process & Drug Therapy

CHAPTER 1: The Nursing Process & Drug Therapy

Compliance

Implementation or fulfillment of a prescriber's or caregiver's prescribed course of treatment or therapeutic plan by a patient.

Medication Error

Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause the patient harm.

Noncompliance

An informed decision on the part of the patient not to adhere to or follow a therapeutic plan or suggestion.

Nursing Process

an organized method used by nurses to determine residents' needs

Outcomes

Descriptions of specific patient behaviors or responses that demonstrate meeting of or achievement of behaviors related to each nursing diagnosis.

These statements are specific while framed in behavioral terms and are measurable.

Prescriber

Any health care professional licensed by the appropriate regulatory board to prescribe medications.

CHAPTER 2: Pharmacological Principles

CHAPTER 2: Pharmacological Principles

Additive Effects

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of 2+ drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

1 + 1 \= 2

Adverse Drug Event

any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

Adverse Drug Reaction

any unexpected

Agonist

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

Allergic Reaction

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication.

(a type of adverse drug event)

Antagonist

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

(also called "inhibitors")

Antagonistic Effects

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another.

1 + 1 \=

Bioavailability

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%).

Biotransformation
(aka Metabolism)

one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active

Blood-Brain Barrier

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g.

Chemical Name

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug.

Contraindication

Any condition

Cytochrome P-450

The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions.

Dependence

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need

Dissolution

The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation.

Drug

any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

Drug Actions

The processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g.

Drug Classification

A method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use.

Drug Effects

The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug.

Drug-induced Teratogenesis

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs.

Drug Interaction

Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs

Usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs.

Duration of Action

That period of time in which the medication has a pharmacological effect (before it is metabolized and excreted)

Enzymes

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions

First-Pass Effect

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation via bloodstream

(aka: the liver takes the first bite)

Generic Name

The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the *nonproprietary name*. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark.

ex: acetaminophen

G6PD Deficiency

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs.

"Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase"

Half-Life

the time required for half of an administered dose to be eliminated by the body

(ei for blood levels of a drug to be reduced by 50%)
(aka "elimination half-life")

Idiosyncratic Reaction

An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication

Incompatibility

The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs.

Intraarterial

within an artery

Intraarticular

within a joint

Intrathecal

Within a sheath

(e.g.

Medication Error

Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause the patient harm.

Medication Use Process

The prescribing

Metabolite

A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug.

There are Active (have pharmacological activity of their own) and Inactive (usually drug waste products awaiting excretion)

Onset of Action

The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing.

P-glycoprotein

a transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut

Parent Drug

the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body into its active or inactive metabolites

(a parent drug that is not active is called a "prodrug")

Peak Effect

the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body

Peak Level

The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration

Pharmaceutics

The science of preparing and dispensing drugs

Pharmacodynamics

The study of what the drug does to the body

Pharmacoeconomics

The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy.

Pharmacogenomics

the study of how genetic inheritance affects the body's response to drugs

Pharmacognosy

The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of what the body does to drugs

ei: Absorption

Pharmacology

The broadest term for the study of drugs

Pharmacotherapeutics

The treatment of pathological conditions through the use of drugs

Prodrug

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.

Prototypical Drug

the first form of a drug

Receptor

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell.

Receptors bind specific substances (e.g.

Steady State

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.

Substrates

substances on which an enzyme acts

Synergistic Effects

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

1 + 1 \= \>2

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

The process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a patient's drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity.

Therapeutic Effect

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication.

Therapeutic Index

the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

Tolerance

reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

Toxic

The quality of being poisonous

Toxicity

The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities.

Trade Name

a commercial

Trough Level

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level

CHAPTER 3: Lifespan Considerations

CHAPTER 3: Lifespan Considerations

Active Transport

The active (energy-requiring) movement of a substance between different tissues via pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes.

Diffusion

The passive movement of a substance (drug) between different tissues from areas of higher to lower concentration

Neonate

pertaining to a person younger than 1 month of age; newborn infant

Older Adult

pertaining to a person who is 65 years of age or older

Pediatric

pertaining to a person who is 12 years of age or younger

Poly pharmacy

The use of multiple medications on a regular basis.

CHAPTER 4: Cultural

Legal

Bias

any systematic error in a measurement process

Black Box Warning

A type of warning that appears in a drug's prescribing information and is required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to alert prescribers of serious adverse events that have occurred with the given drug.

Blinded Investigational Drug Study

A research design in which the subjects are purposely unaware of whether the substance they are administered is the drug under study or a placebo. This method serves to minimize bias on the part of research subjects in reporting their body's responses to investigational drugs.

Controlled Substances

Any drugs listed on one of the "schedules" of the Controlled Substance Act

Culture

the customary beliefs

Double-Blind Investigational Drug Study

A research design in which both the investigator(s) and the subjects are purposely unaware of whether the substance administered to a given subject is the drug under study or a placebo.

This method minimizes bias on the part of both the investigator and the subject.

Drug Polymorphism

Variation in response to a drug because of a patient's age

Ethics

The rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class or group of human actions

Ethnicity

Relating to or characteristic of a human group having racial

Ethnopharmacology

the study of the effect of ethnicity on drug responses

Expedited Drug Approval

Acceleration of the usual investigational new drug approval process by the FDA

HIPPA

"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act"

An act that protects health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they change jobs. It also protects patient information.

Informed Consent

written permission obtained from a patient consenting to a specific procedure

Investigational New Drug (IND)

A drug not yet approved for marketing by the FDA but available for use in experiments to determine its safety and efficacy

Investigational New Drug Application

An application that must be submitted to the FDA before a drug can be studied in humans.

Legend Drugs

another name for prescription drugs

Malpractice

A special type of negligence or the failure of a professional and/or individual with specialized education and training to act in a reasonable and prudent way.

Narcotic

Clinical Settings: any medically administered controlled substance
Legal Settings: any illicit or "street" drug

also referred to as "opioid"

Negligence

The failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner or failure of the nurse to give the care that a reasonably prudent (cautious) nurse would render or use under similar circumstances.

Orphan Drugs

A special category of drugs that have been identified to help treat patients with rare diseases.

Over-the-Counter Drugs

Drugs available to consumers without a prescription.

Also called nonprescription drugs

Pharmacogenomics

The study of genetics in drug response