biology final

ATP

adenosine triphosphate - 2 adenine, 1 ribose, 3 phosphate

what does ATP do?

it stores energy

what does the third phosphate do in ATP

produces energy when broken off

sugar

main source of energy in the cell

what are the three main sources of energy in the cell

sugar, then fats, then protein

sun

main source of energy on earth

producers

make their own food/ energy using photosynthesis

consumers

destroy producers for energy

photosynthesis

uses sunlight to make energy
occurs mainly in plants and some eukaryotes
occurs in the chloroplast (on the thylakoid membrane)

phototrophic

requires sunlight

photosynthesis equation

6H2O + 6CO2 --\> C6H1206 + 602

photosynthesis equation words

water + carbon dioxide in the presence of light creates sugar and oxygen

cellular respiration

releases energy from food w/ oxygen present
occurs on the mitochondria

light dependent

needs light

what is a light dependent reaction

photosystems

photosystems definition

a protein with chlorophyll to absorb sunlight and make high energy electrons

what is photosystems

occurs on the thylakoid membrane
using chlorophyll
makes ATP

what is chlorophyll

green pigment that attracts light

photosystems equation

light + 6H2O --\> C6H12O6

photosystems equation words

light + water makes sugar

photosystems process

1. light comes into the thylakoid membrane
2. light has so much energy that it splits H2O into hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons
3. hydrogen travels from photosystems 2 \> ETC \> photosystems 1
4. hydrogen goes through ATP synthase to achieve equilibrium
5. ATP synthase combines ADP with phosphate to make ATP
6. hydrogen is now on the other side of the membrane

light independent

happens with or without light

what is the calvin cycle

rearranges CO2 using ATP to make sugar
occurs on the stroma
makes sugar

what is an example of a light independent reaction

calvin cycle

cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --\> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

cellular respiration is broken into 3 steps, what are they?

1. glycolysis
2. krebs cycle
3. ETC

calories

the amount of energy needed to raise the temp of one gram of water by one degree celsius

how is cellular respiration measured

in calories

why is CR split into three stages

because if it happened all at once our body would explode

Glycolysis

prepares molecules for cellular respiration
occurs in the cytoplasm
oxygen independent
uses: sugar and ATP
makes: ATP, pyruvate, and NADH

pyruvate

3 carbon molecules

NADH

carries elections to where they need to go

glycolysis process

1. carbon sugar uses ATP
2. creates phosphate groups
3. split into two groups to move onto next reaction
4. uses ATP and makes NADH
5. ends with pyruvate

fermentation

happens instead of cellular respiration

what does fermentation produce in animals

lactic acid

what does fermentation produce in plants

ethanol and carbon dioxide

krebs cycle can also be referred to as

citric acid cycle

what does the krebs cycle require

a catalyst (CoA) and oxygen

what is the main purpose of the krebs cycle

to produce NADH and a lot of ATP

more info about the krebs cycle...

occurs in the matrix (in the mitochondria)
cycles twice
produces CO2 as a byproduct

ETC

electron transport chain

electron transport chain

occurs on the cristae
uses energy from NADH to move hydrogen
that hydrogen then powers ATP synthase
water is a byproduct

cristae

folding of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Prokaryote

single cell
no nucleus
bacteria

what are the two types of bacteria

eubacteria and archaebacteria

eubacteria

known as "true bacteria"
has a peptidoglycan wall

peptidoglycan wall

a mixture of sugar and acid surrounding the membrane

archaebacteria

found in extreme environments (tundra, desert, space)
has totally different genetics (and lipids) than other prokaryotic cells

who found bacteria?

Leeuwenhoek and hooke

all bacteria is a

prokaryote

prokaryotic cells have...

locomotive and sensory structures
no organelles (except ribosomes)
a cell wall
no nucleus

what help with sensory/ movement

pili, flagella, capsules

pili

anchors the bacteria to a surface

flagella

helps with movement (looks like a tail)

Monotrichous

one flagella at one end

Amphitrichous

flagella at both ends

Lophotrichous

cluster of flagella at one end

Peritrichous

flagella all over

capsule

possible second membrane

plasmid

circular pieces of DNA

coccus

spherical bacteria

spirilla

spiral bacteria

bacillus

rod bacteria

staphylo

clumped in irregular clusters

strepto

linked in chains

what is gram staining

A method using dye to tell two different types of eubacteria apart.

pink stain

gram negative

purple stain

gram positive

why does some bacteria stay dyed purple?

because the purple is attracted to the thick peptidoglycan wall

why does some bacteria stay dyed pink?

the purple can't reach the peptidoglycan wall because of the outer membrane

two ways the bacteria gets energy

photo and chemo

photo

gets energy from light

chemo

gets energy by breaking chemical bonds

how bacteria gets carbon

heterotroph and autotroph

heterotroph

"other feeder"
gets carbon by eating other organisms

autotroph

"self feeding"
gets carbon in the atmosphere

metabolism

chemical reaction in which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

obligates

must have

obligate aerobic

must have oxygen to release energy

obligate anaerobic

cannot have oxygen to release energy

facultates

either

facultative anaerobic

prefer to have oxygen but can go without

growth and division are limited by...

space and nutrients

binary fission

asexual reproduction
when the bacteria cell grows too big it copies its DNA and splits in half

conjugation (not reproduction)

hollow bridge forming between 2 bacteria cells to exchange genetic information

f pilus

the hollow bridge formed during conjugation

spore formation (not reproduction)

the way the bacteria preserves itself in unfavorable conditions

endospore

thick internal wall that protects the DNA

good uses of bacteria

probiotics, water treatment plants, yogurt

bad uses of bacteria:

germs, bio warfare, bio terrorism

who first classified viruses

stanley

where did he find viruses

tobacco mosaic virus

what is the tobacco mosaic virus

a plant virus
causes discoloration in the leaves

viruses attack all...

living things

viruses have

dna or rna

viruses dont have

the ability to reproduce by themselves
cells

viruses are composed of three main parts, what are they?

nucleocapsid, envelope, and packaged enzymes

nucelocapsid

nucleic acid + protein coat

capsomere

the individual unit of a capsid

envelope

the extra lipid membrane surrounding the nucelocapsid