PBIO FINALS - Metabolic Pathways of Biomolecules Pt. 1

metabolism

It is the bulk of chemical reactions of biomolecules themselves. Molecule of carbohydrates, fats and proteins taken into an organism are processed in a variety of ways.

catabolism

large molecules are broken down to smaller products, releasing energy and transferring electrons to acceptor molecules of various sorts

anabolism

small molecules react to give rise to larger ones; this process requires energy and involves acceptance of electrons

Metabolic Pathway

Series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product.

1. linear

2. cyclic

2 Metabolic Pathway

prokaryotic cell

Single circular DNA molecule present near center of the cell called nucleoid. No nucleus.

eukaryotic cell

- DNA is present in membrane-enclosed nucleus

- Cell is compartmentalized into cellular organelles

- 1000x larger than bacterial cells

nucleus

for DNA replication / RNA synthesis

Plasma Membrane

Cellular boundary

cytoplasm

a water-based material of a eukaryotic cell

mitochondria

Generates most of the energy needed for cell.

lysosome

contain hydrolytic enzymes needed for cell rebuilding, repair, and degradation

ribosome

sites for CHON synthesis

mitochondria

An organelle responsible for the generation of most of the energy for a cell.

Outer membrane (mitochondria)

Permeable to small molecules (50% lipid, 50% CHON)

Inner membrane (mitochondria)

- Highly permeable to most substances (20% lipid, 80% CHON)

- Folded to increase surface area

1. Monophosphate (AMP)

2. Diphosphate (ADP)

3. Triphosphate (ATP)

4. Cyclic Monophosphate (cAMP)

Adenosine Phosphates

adenosine triphosphate

functions as both a source of a PO4 grp and a source of energy

Uridinetriphosphate (UTP)

involved in carbohydrate metabolism

Guanosinetriphosphate (GTP)

involved in protein and carbohydrate metabolism

Cytidinetriphosphate (CTP)

involved in lipid metabolism

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

A coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox reactions.

Ribitol

a reduced form of ribose sugar

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

A coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox reactions.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

A typical cellular rxn in which NAD+ serves as the oxidizing agent is the oxidation of a secondary alcohol to give a ketone.

Nicotinamide -Ribose -ADP

3 subunit structure

Nicotinamide -Ribose - Phosphate -Phosphate - Ribose -Adenine

6 subunit structure

coenzyme a

A derivative of Vitamin B.

CoA-SH

coenzyme a aka

sulfhydryl group

Active form of coenzyme A

atp - adp - amp

Intermediates for the storage of energy and transfer of phosphate groups.

fad - fadh2 - nad+ - nadh

Intermediates for the transfer of electrons in metabolic redox reactions.

H-S-CoA ---- Acetyl-S-CoA

Intermediates for the transfer of acetyl groups.

0.6 kcal/mole

Typically the free energy release is greater than _____.

1. Digestion

2. Glycolysis

3. Citric Acid Cycle

4. Electron Transport Chain

5. Oxidative Phosphorylation

general stages

Digestion

Breakdown of food molecules by hydrolysis into simpler chemical units.

True

No carbohydrate digestion enzymes present in stomach.

T/F ?

small intestine

The primary site for the carbohydrate digestion.

Pancreatic alpha-amylase

____ breaks down polysaccharide chains into disaccharide which yields maltose.

intestinal mucosal cells

The final step in carbohydrate digestion occurs on the outer membranes of ______.