EOC History

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; monopolies, Transcontinental railroad, Homestead Act, Dawes Act, corrupt politics and growing gap between the rich and poor

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Technological (Second Industrial) Revolution

based on steel, railroads, electricity, oil-based products

Laissez-Faire

Hands off. No government intervention in business.

Bessemer Process

A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856.

Entrepreneurship

Accepting the risk of starting and running a business.

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Andrew Carnegie

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Dominated the US steel industry. Made millions with his monopoly in the steel industry. Later in his life, he became a philanthropist, and began giving his fortune away to help those less fortunate.

John Rockefeller

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Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly.

Robber Baron

a negative term for business leaders that implied they built their fortunes by stealing from the public

Knights of Labor

first effort to create National union. They worked to try to organize workers against their corrupt bosses in factories.

Haymarket Massacre

Was when there was a peaceful protest at the Haymarket square, a bomb was thrown at the police, and the police started shooting at innocent people

American Federation of Labor

A labor union created by Samuel Gompers that was the ONLY labor union that only accepted skilled workers

Homestead Act

1862 - provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Klondike Gold Rush

a frenzy of gold rush immigration to and for gold prospecting, along the Klondike River near Dawson City, Yukon, Canada after gold was discovered there in the late 19th century.

Dawes Act

assimilation attempt by 1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans

Farm Issues

Issues surrounding the production of agricultural products. The main issues were the high cost of transportation (caused railroad monopolies), low prices for farm products (caused by overproduction), and mortgaged farms in order to buy seed and supplies.

Populists Party

third party political movement to address farmers' plight (People's Party). Believed in adding silver to the money supply.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver. Finished 2nd for President twice and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school

New Immigration

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern European countries and Asia arriving in the late 1800s. Different religions, languages and cultures.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives" exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC

Chinese Exclusion Act

Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s, which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Americanized

cause to acquire and conform to American characteristics. For Native Americans and Immigrants

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and childcare classes

Frances Willard

Became leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor.

Alfred T. Mahan

Wanted larger navy, Colonies, and a Canal.Wrote ”The Influence Of Sea Power upon History”

Sanford B. Dole

1894 wealthy, plantation owner and politician who was named President of New Republic of Hawaii. He asked US to annex Hawaii.

Henry Cabot Lodge

US Senator was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Theodore Roosevelt

President 1901-1909. known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

1898

Spanish-American War

Causes of Spanish American War

Yellow journalism, imperialism, Spain brutality to the Cubans, explosion of the USS Maine.

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

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Result of Spanish American War

Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the US. US became a World Power

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Panama Canal

shortcut built by President Roosevelt. A ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependent on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies. So countries would do what the US wanted to keep the business relationship growing.

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal.

Progressive Party

Also known as, the "Bull Moose Party," this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912.

Initiative

Progressive era reform to give people more control over the government. People have the right to propose a new law.

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Recall

Progressive era reform to give people more control over the government. The people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

National Forest Service

Government agency created by Theodore Roosevelt to preserve land and protect local animal species.

Pure Food and Drug Act

the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs. Passed by President Roosevelt after the Jungle was written.

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

Plessy vs. Ferguson

separate-but-equal facilities for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution according to the Supreme Court

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

W.E.B Du Bois

believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately; founded the NAACP

Ida B.Wells

African American journalist. Published statistics about lynching

Causes of WWI

1\. A system of alliances 2. Nationalism 3. Militarism or reliance on military strength 4. Competition of Imperialism and the conquering of countries in Asia, South America, and Africa 5. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

1914-1918

years of WWI

US Entry in WWI

Unrestricted Submarine warfare: Lusitania sunk by Germans (killed 125 Americans) Zimmerman telegram that Germany asked Mexico to attack the US

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

General John J. Pershing

General of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI, before that he chased Pancho Villa in Mexico

Battle of Argonne Forest

 1million American soldiers fought in the final Allied offensive. Heavy German fire killed more than 100,000 Americans, but in the end, the Allies were victorious.

Alvin York

killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom

WWI Technology

airplanes, poisonous gas, tanks, machine guns, zeppelins, flamethrowers, barbed wire, submarines

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

imposed on Germany by the Allied powers after World War I, which demanded punishment and reparations from the Germans. Blamed for the chaos in Germany that allowed Hitler to come to power.

Communist Revolution in China

a revolution led by Mao Zedong that defeated the US backed Nationalists. Put the world's biggest country under control of communism. Shocked and scared America.

Arms Race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Harry S. Truman

Vice President that replaced Roosevelt upon his death. Made the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher

Chester A Nimitz

navy commander WWII (Coral Sea, Midway, Solomon Island, Philippine Sea)

Douglas MacArthur

WWII army commander in Pacific; at Bataan "I shall return" retook Philippines and led rebuilding of Japan. Fired during Korean War.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

cities the US dropped Atomic bombs on

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Battle of Midway

a turning point in WWII in the Pacific, US sank four Japanese aircraft carriers

Bataan Death March

Japanese forced about 60,000 of Americans and Filipinos to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

Flying Tigers

American pilots who volunteered to fight for China before the start of WWII

Reasons for Pearl Harbor

Japanese need of raw materials, show power to larger countries, believed only chance to beat US

Tuskegee Airmen

all black unit of fighter pilots in WWII. Also known as, Red Tails won many awards for bravery

Vernon J. Baker

African American Awarded Medal of Honor in 1997 for heroic acts in Italy in 1945

George Patton

WWII Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.

Omar Bradley

general that commanded the United States ground forces in the liberation of France and the invasion of Germany in World War II.

Dwight Eisenhower

Top Allied commander in Europe supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. Later 34th president

George Marshall

Top overall general during WWII. United States secretary of state after WWII.

Holocaust

As soldiers found concentration camps Hitler's racist "final solution" became known; 13 million total, 6 million killed in the genocide.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, Allied troops landed on the beaches of Nazi controlled Normandy, France. Opened a 2nd front that Germany had to fight on.

Winston Churchill

Led Britain throughout most of World War II. After WWII, he said an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Blitzkrieg

Lighting war typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

an agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east. Germany broke the agreement and attacked USSR

Executive Order 9066

112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into internment camps causing loss of homes and businesses

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of a patriotic woman who helped the war effort by working in factories.

War Bonds

Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war

Victory Gardens

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

Office of War Information

established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.

1939-1945

The years of World War II, which began with the German invasion of Poland and ended with the U.S. bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.