physiology exam 3

there is __ vestibular apparatus on each side of the head

one

there is one vestibular apparatus ____ head

on each side of the head

the vestibular apparatus is located ____

adjacent to and attached to the cochlea 

the vestibular apparatus detects

sensations of equilibrium, positions and movement of head

the vestibular apparatus is conscious or subconscious awareness

subconscious 

information provided by the vestibular apparatus does/does not reach the level of conscious awareness

does not

the vestibular apparatus is composed of __ structures 

two

the vestibular apparatus is composed of ____ and ___

semicircular canals and otolith organs

semicircular canals are located at

"right angles to one another, there's 3"

semicircular canals detect

acceleration/deceleration in 3D

semicircular canals are specialized for 

providing rotational acceleration / deceleration 

each semicircular canal contains

fluid

each semicircular canal contains the ___ crest

ampulla 

the ampulla crest has a gelatinous cap called a ____

cupula

the cupula of the ampulla crest contains _ cells

hair

in the semicircular canals, the head rotating or bending does what to fluid / hair cells

it lags behind because of the interia so hair cells bend 

in the semicircular canals __ are produced as hair cells bend

graded potentials

in semicircular canals, ___ control the rate of action potentials

hair cells

in semicircular canals, when hair cells bend, the amount of fluid and amoutn of action potentials generated have a 

dependent relationship

otolith organs are located 

adjacent to semicircular canals

otolith organs contain _ organs

two

otolith organs contain _ and _ organs

utricle and saccule

the utricle and saccule of the otolith organs are located

between cochlea and semicircular canals

the utricle and saccule of the otolith organs are oriented 

at right angles to one another

the utricle and saccule of the otolith organs contain

calcium carbonate crystals 

the calcium carbonate crystals of the utricle and saccule of the otolith organs are suspended in 

gel overlaying hair cells

the crystals in the utricle and saccule of the otolith organs give the gel layer _ and _

mass and intertia 

otolith organs are specialized for detecting

linear acceleration / deceleration 

information from the vestibular apparatus is relayed to the

brainstem and cerebellum

"faking brain into thinking that the head's moving - so it thinks the fluid is still moving"

nystagmus 

nystagmus is

involuntary back and forth or up and down oscillations of eyes

nystagmus is usually a _ movement followed by _

slow movement of eyes, fast corrective movement

in nystagmus, eyes do/do not correctly fix on objects in the visual field 

do not

post rotary nystagmus 

movement of fluid in semicircular canals after a person is rotated or spun

"meniere's disease "

disease of inner ear

"meniere's disease caused by"

excess amount of fluid in inner ear

"meniere's disease fluid buildup in"

cochlea and/or vestibular apparatus

glaucoma of the ear

"meniere's disease "

"meniere's disease affects one/both ear/vestibular apparatus"

one

"what famous person may have had meniere's disease "

vincent van gogh

possibly cut off part of his left ear

vincent van gogh

olfaction is

detection of chemicals in the air

olfaction, chemicals sensed by

olfactory mucosa

olfaction, olfactory mucosa located 

ceiling of nasal cavity

olfaction, olfactory mucosa contains what else in addition to receptors 

oflactory receptor cells/neurons - complete neurons

olfactory receptor cells have __ extending from their ends

cilia

cilia of the olfactory receptor cells have receptors specific for

odorant molecules

neurons of the olfactory receptors are replaced how often

continually, every 1-2 months

olfactory receptor neurons exist in a __ environment

harsh

in olfaction, binding of odor molecules to receptor cascade of events:

activate G proteins, production of cAMP, opening of Na+ channels, increase of action potentials 

axons from olfactory receptor cells travel ___ to the nasal cavity 

through small holes in bone (cribriform plate)

Action potentials flow up to the

olfactory bulb

with oflaction, there is crossing contralaterally or ipsilaterally

ONLY ipsilaterally - no contra

from olfactory bulb, information is transmitted to the CNS by 2 routes:

(1) directly to limbic system, (2) transmitted to thalamus and then projected to cortex

conscious perception of smell occurs via the 

cortex

is human smell sensitive

yes

olfactory cortex location

temporal lobe

smell in humans is slow adapting 

false- quick adapting

humans can detect some molecules in concentrations of 

1 part per 50 billion parts of air

dogs have ab __x more olfactory receptors than humans

20

sensitivity to an odor quickly __ upon exposure to the odor

decreases

vomeronasal organ is 

accessory olfactory organ

vomeronasal organ is located

anterior to olfactory mucosa 

vomeronasal organ is responsible for detecting

pheromones

pheremones are

chemical signals given off by one individual that elicit a response in another individual 

involved in mate indentification and sexual behavior

pheremones

in pheremones, information is conveyed directly to 

limbic system

role of vomeronasal organ in humans is

unclear

flehmen response

behavior to draw air into vomeronasal organ to better detect pheremones

taste is detected by

taste buds

taste buds detect 

chemicals in food and drink

taste bunds located

upper surface of tongue along edges of mound like papillae

also found in mouth cavity and throat 

taste buds

all taste buds in mouth are on tongue TF

false

in taste buds, receptor cells have receptors for 

specific chemicals

in taste buds, binding of chemical stimulates

graded potentials that cause neurotransmitter release from receptor cell that controls action potentials

in taste buds, receptor cells replaced 

every 2 weeks bc of harsh environment

in taste buds, neurons innervate reeptor cells and carry __ information to brain stem

gustatory 

"cascade of locations of information once it's gone to brain stem"

thalamus, cortical gustatory area in frontal lobe, in insular lobe

taste buds detect _ tastes

primary

sweet is detecting

sucrose, glucose, etc

salty is detecting

Na, K, etc

sour is detecting

acids, H+, etc

bitter is detecting

toxic compounds

umami responds to 

glutamate 

each taste bud sensitive to _ taste, but

one, responds to all taste 

largest group of tissues in the body

muscles

__ of body is skeletal 

40%

_ of body is smooth and cardiac muscle

10%

skeletal muscles are

muscles attached to skeleton for movement of bones

skeletal muscles are voluntary/involuntary

voluntary, we consciously control them

skeleta muscle composed of bundles of

muscle fiber

muscle fiber is

individual muscle cell

muscle fiber is _ cell

large

advantage of muscle fiber being so long

"don't have to go through synapses, maximize contration speed and strength"

muscle fiber size

10-100uM in diameter

muscle fiber formed by

fusion of smaller cells during embryonic development 

each muscle fiber is innervated by __ motor neuron

one 

innervation is at the

neuromuscular junction

each muscle fiber contains __ myofibril

many