ANAPHY - Endocrine System

endocrine system

involved in the information business as this controls body processes at every level; made up of glands that produce or release hormone

50

the number of hormones we have

hormones

body’s chemical messengers that help coordinate our body functions by carrying messages through the blood, organs, muscles, and tissues for growth, metabolism, development, emotions, etc.

hormones

affect certain target tissues or organs and regulate their activities.

endocrine system

Coordinated and partnered with the nervous system to integrate in the brain and complement each other, but work at different speeds

nerves

respond within split secs but their action soon fades

hormones

have longer lasting effects and act over hours, weeks, and years

hypothalamus

Cluster of nerve cells that serves as the main link between nerves and hormones

hypothalamus

produces releasing factors or releasing hormones which are regulatory hormones that travel to pituitary glands

pineal gland

Pea-sized gland in the middle of the brain

pineal gland

produces melatonin

melatonin

a hormone important in body rhythms such as the sleep-wake cycles

pituitary gland

the master gland that controls many other endocrine glands

thyroid gland

controls rate of metabolism, including maintenance of body weight, rate of energy use, and heart rate

thyroid gland

unlike other endocrine glands, it can store its hormones

Heart

produces a hormone called atriopeptin

atrial natriuretic factor

ANF meaning

atrial natriuretic peptide

ANP meaning

atriopeptin

a hormone that reduces blood volume and pressure and helps to regulate fluid balance

stomach

Makes hormones that stimulate production or release of enzymes that aid digestion

pancreas

Bears clusters of cells, known as islets of Langerhans which produces two hormones: insulin and glucagon

insulin and glucagon

hormones that both respectively lower and raise blood glucose levels

thymus gland

Produces three hormones involved in development of white blood cells called T-cells.

T-cells

cells of thymus that functions in the immune system

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

two layers of adrenal gland

adrenal cortex

a gland that manufactures steroid hormones that regulate the metabolism of glucose, sodium, and potassium; this also maintain fluid balance

adrenal medulla

specific gland that produces adrenaline

adrenal cortex

the outer layer of adrenal gland

adrenal medulla

the inner layer of adrenal gland

kidney

Secretes erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells in bone marrow

intestines

Like the stomach, this makes hormones that stimulate the production or release of enzymes that aid digestion

ovaries

a gland that manufacture the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, which stimulate egg ripening and thickening of the uterine wall

pineal gland

the gland that controls the timing of reproduction and set day-night rhythms

thyroid and parathyroid gland

glands that regulates calcium level with the hormones they produce

thymus

gland that controls maturation of lymphocytes

adrenal glands

adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity

kidneys

the gland that controls rbc production and assist in calcium regulation

pancreas

has exocrine and endocrine function

testes

a gland that support male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

part of the diencephalon region of the brain

hypothalamus

located in the brain that controls the endocrine system

hypothalamus

connects the nervous system to the endocrine system

hypothalamus

receives and processes signals from other brain regions and pathways and translates them into hormones

infundibulum

a cavity that connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland

thymus gland

has progenitor cells which mature into T-cells

T-cells

are used to help destroy infected or cancerous cells

thymus gland

primary donor of cells for the lymphatic system

bone marrow

primary cell donor for the cardiovascular system.

adrenal glands

a gland that regulates substance levels in the blood and release “fight or flight” hormones

adrenal glands

are pyramid-shaped organs that sit at the top of each kidney.

adrenal cortex

a network of fine connective tissues that makes up most of the adrenal gland

cortisol

hormone in the adrenal gland that manages protein and glucose levels

aldosterone

hormone in the adrenal gland that adjusts our levels of water and salt

androgens and estrogens

hormones that are secreted by the adrenal cortex in small amounts in both sexes

adrenal medulla

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)

epinephrine and norepinephrine

chemicals that promote “fight-or- flight,” the body’s initial response to stress.

vitamin D and erythropoietin

2 main hormones made by the kidneys

vitamin D

most of these are inactive in the blood and are just modified by the kidney to activate it; this stimulates the uptake of calcium from food to maintain healthy bones

erythropoietin

produced when oxygen levels in the blood are low

erythropoietin

acts in the bone marrow to stimulate the production of mature red blood cells and to maintain healthy oxygen levels in our tissues.

intestine

produces salivary glands that secrete thiamin

ovaries

main sex glands in females

testes

main sex glands in males

sex hormones

hormones that stimulate the production of eggs and sperm respectively and influence the early development of the embryo into a boy or girl

male sex hormones

androgens or testosterone

female sex hormones

estrogens and progesterone

pineal gland

Small and pinecone-shaped located at the back of the diencephalon region in the brain

pineal gland

secretes the hormone melatonin in the absence of light

melatonin

a hormone that regulates the body’s sleep patterns in both circadian (daily) and seasonal patterns.

melatonin

the hormone that causes us to feel sleepy

pituitary gland

the most influential gland in the endocrine system

anterior pituitary gland

manufactures 7 major hormones and releases them into the bloodstream

posterior pituitary gland

receives two main hormones from the hypothalamus, which lies above it, and then it releases 2 hormones

pituitary gland

Receives signals from the hypothalamus to control the endocrine system

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin and Oxytocin

hormones released in the posterior pituitary gland

thyroid

Sits in the throat region, just below the larynx, served by large arteries with many branches and a dense network of capillaries

thyroid gland

secretes hormones that increase metabolism, regulate glucose use, protein synthesis, nervous system development.

thyroid gland

releases calcitonin

calcitonin

a hormone that helps maintain blood calcium homeostasis by causing calcium to be removed from the blood and deposited into bones when blood (calcium) levels are too high.

thyroid gland

butterfly-shaped; releases TSH, as well as T3 and T4

T3 and T4

hormones involved in metabolism and burn fat easily

triiodothyronine

T3 means

thyroxine

T4 means

parathyroid gland

sits on the posterior surface of the thyroid and it appears much smaller and a separated gland

left and right, superior and inferior

four parathyroid glands

parathyroid gland

secretes PTH which stimulates bones to release calcium into the blood when blood (calcium) levels are low

Parathyroid hormone

a hormone that also causes the kidneys to reduce calcium secretion into urine to further elevate calcium levels in the blood.

calcitonin and PTH

hormones that act in complementary ways to maintain blood calcium homeostasis, which is one of the most tightly controlled physiological parameters in the body.

iodine

an element that's required for the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones; the body cannot produce this on its own, so this should come from our daily diet

iodine

quickly absorbed and can also quickly enter our bloodstream; the thyroid captures this and oxides it to begin creating T3 and T4

gut hormones

hormones that play a coordinating role in the control of appetite, the digestion of food, regulation of energy balance, and maintenance of blood glucose levels

gut or stomach

this continuously sends information to the brain regarding the quality and quantity of the food that is consumed.

ghrelin

a hormone produced in the stomach; functions to tell the brain that the body has to be fed; for increasing appetite

gastrin

a hormone produced in the stomach when it is stretched; stimulates the release of gastric juice rich in pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

secretin

a hormone produced in the duodenum and has the effect of stimulating the pancreas to produce alkaline secretions as well as slowing the emptying of the stomach

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

a hormone that contracts the gallbladder and secretes bile

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

a hormone that is produced in the duodenum; reduces appetite, slows down the emptying of the stomach

Peptide YY (PYY)

a hormone that is produced in the last part of the small intestine known as the ileum as well as parts of the large intestine; lays a role in slowing down the passage of food along the gut, which increases the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after meal

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

a hormone that is produced in the small intestine and colon and has multiple actions including inhibition of gastric emptying and appetite as well as the stimulation of insulin release.

pancreas

a part of digestive system that secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct