EXS 331- Exam 1

Human Anatomy Lecture Exam 1

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Interstitial fluid and Circulating Blood Plasma; most of the human body’s cells exist in the “internal sea”

Interstitial Fluid

Everything outside of the vascular system; In the ECF; bathes the cell

Circulating Blood Plasma

other component of the interstitial fluid; part of the ECF

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

the fluid within the cells (ex. cytosol)

ECF Size

Interstitial fluid (15%) + Plasma (5%)= 20%

ICF Size

40% (largest compartment)

ECF + ICF =

60%

How much of the body is water?

40%

For cells to function properly…

the interstitial component of the ECF environment must be kept within certain physiological limits

Homeostasis

maintenance of a constant environment within certain physiological limits

Hemostasis regulation mechanisms

nervous system and endocrine system; helps maintain homeostasis

Nervous System

fast acting and send impulses synapses to stimulate body movements and processes

Endocrine System

takes longer because it uses hormones and diffuses into the blood stream

Negative Feedback

counters the stimulus by doing the opposite; many of the regulatory mechanisms operate on this (ex. blood glucose levels)

feedback control center(s)

brain and spinal cord

effecter

structures that are acted upon that helps change the stimulus

positive feed back circuit

exponentially increases or decreases (ex. during childbirth); your body dosent have a lot of it because it is so extreme

receptor

what is receiving the stimulus; detects stimulus

control center

analyzes information and determines the appropriate response

effector

what the stimulus is acting upon to influence change

anatomy

to cut up/to dissect; study of the parts of an organism

physiology

the study of the functions of an organism

Levels of structural organization from smallest to biggest

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Chemical level

all chemical substances needed to maintain life

cellular level

structural and functional units of life (ex. epithelia call, brain cell, red/white blood cell)

tissue

similar specialized cells and their intercellular substance that perform a common function (is the substance between the cells)

4 tissue types

connective (blood is CT), epithelia, muscular, and nervous

organ level

definite form and function are compromised of 2 or more tissues (ex. lungs, heart, liver, kidney)

system level

association of organs that have a common function (respiratory, endocrine, digestions)

organismal level

all the systems working together to compromise the human body

bony support of body

vertebral column

anatomical position

standing forwards, palms are supinated

Bilateral symmetry

right and left are mirror images; humans posses this

Ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

planes

imaginary surfaces that pass through the body

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right anywhere

mid-sagittal

divides the body into left and right sides down the middle

frontal/coronal plane

divides you into anterior and posterior

transverse plane

divides you into superior and inferior

the two groups of body cavities

posterior (dorsal) and anterior (central)

The Anterior cavities

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, orbital cavity, nasal cavity, buccal cavity

Thoracic Cavity

superior boundary= superior thoracic aperture

inferior boundary= inferior thoracic aperture

Bony structures which form the superior boundary of the thoracic cavity

posterior- t1

anterior- manibrium

lateral- rib 1

bony structures that form the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity

posterior- t2

anterior- 7-11th costal (ribs) cartilages

lateral- 12th ribs

floor of the thoracic cavtity

diaphragm; separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Structures running through the diaphragm

aorta, inferior vena cava, esophogus

Mediastinum

everything besides the lungs (everything in the middle)

Thoracic cavity is further divided into…

the right and left thoracic cavity

Structures within the mediastinum

heart, esophagus, trachea, pericardium

Lungs

surrounded by a membrane called pluera

pluera

the serous membrane and epithelial membrane

parietal pleura

lines the cavity walls

pulmonary (visceral pleura)

lines the lungs

plural cavity

surrounds the lungs (lines the cavity and covers the lungs)

Plueuritis

inflammation of the pluera

Abdominal Cavity organs

stomach, liver, pancreas

Peritoneum

lines the abdominal cavity

mesentary

double layer peritoneum; protects and supports organs

parietal peritoneum

lines abdominal cavity

visceral peritoneum

lines abdominal viscera

peritoneal cavity

space in between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum filled with serous fluid

Retroperitoneal viscera

structures behind the peritoneum (ex. kindness)

Peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum

Structures within the pelvic cavity

rectum, bladder, lower part of the large intestine, reproductive structures

Peritoneum continues…

into the pelvic cavity

mesentary

double layer of peritoneum

what are most of the viscera in the abdominal-pelvic cavity suspended or held in place by

mesentary

structures the mesentery holds in place

mesocolon, mesoappendic, mesovarium

THE MESENTERY

is the mesentery of the small intestine; attaches small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

Mesentary serves as protection for

arteries, veins, and nerves

the three smaller anterior cavities

orbital cavity, nasal cavity, and buccal cavity

orbital cavity structures

lacrimal gland, eyes, orbital nerve

Nasal cavity structures

nasal septum, vomer

Perform aperature

pear shaped opening of the nose

buccal cavity structures

teeth, salivary glands, tongue

the posterior cavities

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

cranial cavity

the brain

vertebral cavity

the spinal cord

What are the posterior cavities connected by

the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity are connected at the base of the skull at the foramen magnum

tissue

cells and their ic substance that perform a common function

how many tissues do humans approximately have

25 tissues

the 4 basic types of tissue

epithelium tissue, connective tissue (CT), muscular tissue, and muscular tissue

epithelium tissue

found in the outer layer of the skin, lines body cavities (like the pleura or peritoneum or pericardium), lines ducts, makes up glands

connective tissue

protects and supports the body, protects and connects organs, some stores energy (ex. adipose), some used for immunity (lymph nodes), bone is an example of CT

Muscular tissue

used for movement; needed to move

nervous tissue

initiates and transmits impulses

all tissues are composed of

cells and intercellular (IC) substances

what makes tissues and their functions different

the types of cells and intercellular substances

after 8 days of fertilization

the mass of cells that results from several cell divisions embeds in the lining of the uterus and begins to form 3 primary germ layer

3 germ layers

ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

germ layers

the embryonic tissues from which all tissues and organs of the body develop

Epithelial tissues develop

from all 3 germ layers

CT and muscle tissue develop

from mesoderm

nervous tissue develops

from ectoderm

weeks 1-2

blastocyte

Weeks 3-7

embryo

Weeks 8<

fetus

Epithelial tissue types

covering and lining epithelium and granular epithelium

covering and lining epithelium functions

forms outer later of skin (epidermis), forms inner lining of blood vessels/ducts/and lines cavities on the interior of the body, lines cavities expose to the exterior (respiratory system, digestive system, and reproductive system)