biol 198 module 7

What characteristics do all animals share?

1. Eukaryotic
2. Multicellular
3. Require O2
4. Heterotrophic
5. NO cell walls

Are all animals motile?

No, but most are.

Do all animals reproduce sexually?

No, but most do.

Asymmetry

no particular symmetry. Ex: Sponge

Radial Symmetry

circular symmetry Ex. Jellyfish, coral, starfish

Bilateral symmetry

Organized with left and right halves. Ex: Humans, butterfly

Endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

cellular level of organization

includes cells, the smallest living units in the body (sponge)

tissue level of organization

collections of 2 or more cells that function together for a specific task. (Jellyfish)

Organ level of organization

2 or more tissues (Humans)

Body cavity

Fluid filled spaced around the internal cavity

Coelom

body cavity

Acoelomate

no body cavity

Pseudocoelom

A body cavity that is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

Eucoelomate

An organism that has a complete body cavity where the ectoderm and the endoderm is lined by mesoderm

Advantages of having a body cavity

Body cavities cushion vital organs and allows them to grow and move independently. The fluid can serve as a hydrostatic skeleton.
keeps them moist and allows flexibility

Segmentation

the division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts

Advantages of having a segmented body

1. Independent movement of body parts
2. Specialization of body parts

Cephalization

The development of a structure at one end of the body that has specialized feeding and sensory structures. (Head)

Basic phylogenetic tree of animals

According to our book, from which organism did all animals evolve from?

A single celled organism named Protozoa.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

function of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion.

function of muscle tissue

movement, pump blood, move materials throughout organs. Example: Skeletal muscle

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

What is the only voluntary muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle

function of connective tissue

Provides protection and support to other tissues and organs

Function of nervous tissue

communication and response to stimuli. Example: Neurons

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

negative feedback

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

Function of nervous and endocrine systems

Coordinate body activities

Function of skeletal, muscular, and digestive systems

Acquire materials and energy

Function of respiratory system

exchange of gases

Function of cardiovascular system

Transport materials

Function of lymphatic system

Protect against disease

Function of urinary and digestive systems

Excrete wastes

function of reproductive system

produce offspring

aerobic respiration equation

glucose

incomplete digestive system

a single opening to a pouch-like cavity serves as both mouth and ASS

complete digestive system

digestive system consisting of a digestive tract and two body openings (mouth and anus)

Where does digestion begin with mechanical breakdown?

The mouth

Esophagus

muscular passage between mouth and stomach that moves food using peristalsis

Stomach

Muscular sack that produces acid and contributes to the mechanical breakdown of food.

Pancreas

Accessory organ that secretes the major digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic contents of the stomach

Liver

Secretes bile into the gall bladder. Removes toxins from the blood

Gall bladder

Accessory organ that stores bile and secretes it into the small intestine when needed.

Bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

Small intestine

long muscular tube where enzymatic digestion occurs at a near neutral pH and nutrients are absorbed.

Large intestine

Where water, ions , and vitamin K are absorbed and wastes are eliminated.

Why is aerobic cellular respiration necessary?

It yields more ATP molecules than anaerobic.

Order in which blood flows throughout the circulatory system

1. Unoxygenated blood from body returns to heart via vena cava
2. Unoxygenated blood enters right atrium
3. Unoxygenated blood enters right ventricle
4. Unoxygenated blood pumped to lungs via pulmonary artery
5. Gas diffusion within the lungs
6. Oxygenated blood leaves lungs via pulmonary vein
7. Oxygenated blood enters left atrium
8. Oxygenated blood enters left ventricle
9. Oxygenated blood pumped out to body via aorta

Lipase

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

Vitamins

compounds that help regulate many vital body processes, including the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of other nutrients

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Fat soluble vitamins

Stored in fat and include vitamins A, D, E, K. Too much can cause liver issue

water soluble vitamins

Dissolve in water and include the B vitamins and vitamin C

vein

Blood vessel carrying blood towards the heart

capillary

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Does the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Deoxygenated

Does the pulmonary vein carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Oxygenated

What materials are exchanged in the lungs?

CO2 and O2

What is the purpose of the pulmonary circuit?

To carry blood to and from the lungs

Plasma

Liquid part of blood

Red blood cells

Majority of cells in the blood. Carry oxygen on hemoglobin proteins

white blood cells

Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms

Platelets

main component in blood clots

Sinuses

air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Lungs

Main organs of the respiratory system

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

In what structure of the digestive system does the digestion of complex carbohydrates start?

Mouth

In what structure of the digestive system does the digestion of complex carbohydrates finish?

Small intestine

What enzymes produces by the pancreas digest carbohydrates?

Amylase

What component fo the blood transports carbohydrates?

Intestinal epithelial cells

In what structure of the digestive system does protein digestion start?

Stomach

In what structure of the digestive styes does protein digestion finish?

Small intestine

What enzymes produced by the pancreas digest proteins?

Proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin

In what structure of the digestive system does lipid digestion start and finish?

Small intestine

What molecule produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, assists in the digestion of fats?

bile

In what structure of the respiratory system does gas exchange occur and what is the process that is responsible for gas exchange between he blood and tissues?

Alveoli

What is hemoglobin?

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

What component of the blood transports oxygen?

Red blood cells

What component of the blood transports carbon dioxide?

Water of blood

The process of that carbon dioxide undergoes during transport of gases?

CO2 --\> carbonic acid --\> Bicarbonate

What are the adaptations that herbivores have that allow them to extract energy from plant material?

Have many cellulose digesting bacteria.

Advantages of open circulatory system?

1. Less complex
2. Require less energy

Advantages of close circulatory system?

1. All blood contained in vessels
2. More efficient

What are the advantages of a 4 chambered heart with a systemic and pulmonary circuit?

1. Higher levels of O2
2. Produce more energy
3. Maintain high metabolism
4. High activity levels
5. Steady body temperature

Central nervous system consist of...

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body