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What is the make-up of the cardiovascular system?

1. Heart

2. Vasculature/vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

3. Blood

Similar _________ structure is relatively conserved across mammalian species

Cone-shaped

The heart is located in the:

• Mediastinum

• Within the thorax, behind the ribs; the space between the lungs

What circuit are the LUNGS on?

Pulmonary circuit

The PULMONARY circuit contains oxygen _____ blood

Poor

After gas exchange, oxygen poor blood comes from the systemic circuit back to the:

Heart; heads to the lungs to get oxygen

What circuit are SYSTEMATIC TISSUES on?

Systemic circuit

The SYSTEMIC circuit contains oxygen _____ blood

Rich

Oxygen rich blood comes from the pulmonary circuit:

Enters the heart, and heads to the systemic circuit

Blood passes through the heart ______ before completing one route

Twice

What are the four main chambers of the heart?

1. Right atrium

2. Left atrium

3. Right ventricle

4. Left ventricle

What are other major components of heart anatomy?

1. Aorta

2. Vena cava (superior and inferior)

3. Pulmonary artery

4. Pulmonary vein

The LEFT atrium and ventricle:

Receive and pump OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the rest of the body

Left ventricle pumps blood into the ______, the largest artery in the body

Aorta

The RIGHT atrium and ventricle:

Receive and pump DEOXYGENATED blood from the periphery to the lungs

Right ventricle pumps blood into the ______, the only artery that pumps deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary artery

Valves that separate atria from ventricles:

Atrioventricular valves

• Tricuspid valve

• Mitral/bicuspid valve

Tricuspid valve

Separates the right atrium from right ventricle

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Separates the left atrium from left ventricle

Valves that separate ventricles from arteries:

Semilunar valves

• Pulmonary valve

• Aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

Separates the right ventricle from pulmonary artery

Aortic valve

Separates left ventricle from aorta

What is the Myocardium?

The muscular tissue of the heart.

What is the Myocardium made up of?

Cardiomyocytes

What is the structure of Cardiomyocytes?

• Striated

• Cylindrical

• Rod-shaped

• Self-beating (most important quality)

Neurons control heart _______

Contraction

What are Neurons?

• Nerve cells

• Natural pacemaker cells

• Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

What is the function of the Sinoatrial (SA) node?

Pacemaker; establishes rhythm

What is the function of the Atrioventricular (AV) node?

Connects atria and ventricles

What is the His bundle?

Bundle of AV node branches

What is the function of Purkinje fibers?

Contracts vesicles

Purkinje fibers are the _____ cells in the heart

Biggest

Diastole phase

When the heart REFILLS with blood

Systole phase

Contraction of atria or ventricles that forces blood OUT

What is Cardiac diastole?

• All chambers are relaxed

• Blood flows into heart

What is Atrial systole/Ventricular diastole?

• Atria contracts

• Blood is pushed into the ventricles

What is Atrial diastole/Ventricular systole?

• After atria relax, ventricles contract

• Blood is pushed out of the heart

What does Tachycardia mean?

Fast heartbeat

What does Bradycardia mean?

Slow heartbeat

What does Arrhythmia/fibrillation mean?

Irregular heartbeat

P-wave

Activation of the atria

QRS complex

Activation of the ventricles

T-wave

Recovery wave

What is Auscultation?

Listening to the internal sounds of the body with a stethoscope

What do the two main sounds indicate when using auscultation?

Closure of the valves

What does the "Lub" sound indicate?

Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (S1)

What does the "Dub" sound indicate?

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves (S2)

Arteries pump blood ______ from heart

Away

Veins pump blood ______ from heart

To

What are Arterioles?

Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

What are Capillaries?

Smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules

What are Venules?

Small veins that receive blood from the capillaries

What is the Tunica externa (Adventitia)?

Connective tissue sheath around vessel

What is the Tunica media?

• Thickest layer

• Muscular

• Controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation

What is the Tunica intima?

• Innermost layer of blood vessels

• Endothelium (elastic membrane in arteries)

What is the Lumen?

Central blood-containing space

Blood flows from _____ pressure to ______ low pressure

High (heart), low (body)

________ are the smallest vessel with only a Tunica intima layer, to allow for gas exchange

Capillaries

For blood in the _______, to flow back into the heart, the pressure in the _______, must be _______ than the pressure in the _______ of the _______

Veins, veins, greater, atria, heart

Diameter of vessles _____ when closer to the heart

Increases

There are more _____ across the system than any other vessel

Capillaries

Speed of blood _____ when in vessles

Slows down

Speed of blood ______ when heading towards the heart

Increases

Pressure in the vena cava is going to be ______ than the pressure in the atria

Slightly higher

The pulmonary system helps _____ the velocity of blood when heading back to the heart

Increase

One-way valves are in the _____

Veins

The valves in the veins allow blood ______

IN but not OUT

Skeletal muscle helps push blood ______

Through the body

Respiratory pumps allow _____

Blood flow towards the heart with each breath

What are Varicose veins?

Big, twisty veins near the skin's surface that are caused by weakened valves

What causes Varicose veins?

• Poor venous return

• Lack of movement (valves in veins have reduced function)

What is Arteriosclerosis?

Thickening and hardening of vessel walls

What is Atherosclerosis?

Plaque buildup in the arteries

What causes Arteriosclerosis?

Age and high blood pressure

What causes Atherosclerosis?

Diet high in cholesterol/fat, high blood pressure