Dynamics of Healthcare Rutgers Test Review

What is the purpose of a stethoscope?

To hear internal sounds.

What is the purpose of a sphygmomanometer?

Blood pressure readings.

Identify major healthcare events through out the ages.

Healthcare in the military and space.

Explain the spread of disease in prehistoric times

People lived in small communities with unsanitary living conditions.

what improvements were made in mid 1800's in medicine?

Surgical procedures and advancement in understanding of circulatory, digestive, and respiratory systems.

Who had a major influence on modern healthcare

Florence Nightingale.

a better understanding of \________ and \_______ made the discovery of several life-saving medications and vaccines possible.

germs and diseases.

Identify and explain 4 trends that influenced healthcare.

Specialization: increased knowledge on specific body parts/systems
Aging of Population: longer living people
Wellness and Prevention: keeps people healthy
Complementary Therapies: alternative medicine

What healthcare facilities provide housing for:
- acute care for patients suffering from conditions that require immediate medical attention\____________
- residents who are mobile but need assistance with daily activities\________
- long-term care for patients recovering from injuries, serious illnesses, drug dependency, or emotional problems
- care focused on pain reduction and quality of life for patients with terminal illnesses
- care for patients needing assistance with walking to return patients back to the community
- provides care during the last phases of life

-hospitals
-sub-acute care
- rehabilitation center
- home health care agency
- assisted living facilities
- hospice

How are volunteer agencies funded?

Private donations, grants, and fundraisers.

What is an interdisciplinary team?

different types of healthcare professionals working together to impact patient care.

What is considered complementary/holistic therapies? What is the goal of them?

Promote healing through nutrition, exercise, and relaxation. Ex. yoga, acupuncture, and aromatherapy.

What has caused a significant growth in healthcare specialization?

Increased medical advances, technology, and information.

What is a general practitioner?

Someone trained to provide primary healthcare.

Physical therapists

Help patients reduce pain and improve or restore mobility

Occupational therapist

Help patients regain ADLs

Respiratory therapists

Measure the volume of air flowing in and out of lungs

Speech-language pathologist

Helps patients who have speech/language disorders

Nurse

Observes, records, helps tests, and explains treatments while being in direct patient care

Nursing assistent

Assists RN's

Physician assistant

Assesses, plans, and provides patient care while under supervision of a physician

Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)

A nurse who provides basic care such as vital signs, injections, wounds, and personal hygiene

Medical assistent

Trained to assist medical professionals wth office or medical tasks

Dentist

Specialist who treats disorders of teeth

Prosthodontist

Designs and fits supportive devices (braces,splints)

Dental assistent

At a dentists chair-side, helps with x-rays

Dental hygienist

Works under supervision of a dentist to remove stains and deposits from the teeth and expose and develop radiographs (x-rays)

Dietician

Expert in nutrition or dietetics

Cardiovascular technologist/Sonographer

Conducts tests on pulmonary or cardiovascular systems of patients

Athletic trainer

prevent and treat athletic injuries and provide rehabilitative services to athletes

Clinical laboratory scientist/technologist

Works to analyze a variety of biological specimens

Phlebotomist

Specialist trained in the collection of blood and specimans

Paramedic/EMT

emergency medical technician with advanced training

Pharmacist and pharmacy tech

licensed to prepare/dispence drugs and helps pharmacist

Cytotechnologists

Specialists in identifying cells and cellular abnormalities

Molecular biologist

A scientist who studies the structure and activity of large molecules (such as DNA) that are essential to life

Immunohematology technologists

Collect blood, classify it by type and prepare it for transfusions

Physicians

examine patients, obtain medical histories, order tests, make diagnoses, perform surgery, treat diseases/disorders, and teach preventive health.

Research medical scientist

Studying living organisms and their relationship to the environment

Industrial hygienist

Examines work places to ensure that they are no danger to employees or surrounding communities

Medical Technologist

Preform clinical lab procedures

Health information coder

Assign numerical codes to identify patients' diseases, injuries, and conditions and the services they receive.

Medical transcriptionist

Ensures that patients medical records are up to date

Medical sonographer

Preform ultrasounds and treat certain medical conditions

Importance of accreditation in selecting a health care educational program:

Helps organizations and improve quality of care

Define and differentiate licensure, registration, and certification.

Licensure: gov agency authorization Registration: written record Certification: document saying completed requirements

What is a holter monitor? What conditions would you use it for?

Records the electrical activity of the heart, detects irregular heart beets.

What is an ultrasound?

A procedure that uses high-energy sound waves to look at tissues and organs inside the body

What is an x-ray? What is an MRI? What is a CT scan? What are their roles in imaging fractures

X-ray: electromagnetic radiation (bones)
MRI: radio waves (tissues)
CT: series of detailed images (complex factures/ tumors)

When planning a career in the healthcare world, what are key elements to your research?

What your interests are, amount of education, salary.

Differentiate civil rights, constitutional rights, and human rights.

Civil rights: basic legal rights held by all US citizens
Constitutional rights: rights afforded to citizens through the US constitution
Human rights: fundamental rights of all people regardless of citizenship

Explain civil law and criminal law as applied to medical malpractice. Be able to give examples.

Civil law (private law): private citizen vs. private citizen (most common)
Criminal law: violates the law, punishment fine or imprisonment

Practicing medicine without a license falls under what type of law?

Criminal law

Distinguish between assault and battery.

Assault: threat
Battery: physically acting upon the threat

Identify the values, ethics, and code of conduct expected of health care professionals.

Ethics reflects on values of a certain group. Values are a standard of ones behavior. Code of conduct is shared values that professionals must follow

Describe negligence.

Carelessness, not following proper standard of care

What are the differences between intentional and unintentional tort? Give examples.

Intentional: assault, battery, invasion of privacy, false imprisonment, defamation of character(libel/slander)
Unintentional: negligence, malpractice

Explain the importance of protecting patients rights.

Advocacy is to support the best intrest of all patients and concert so patients are educated/aware.

What are Good Samaritan Laws? What's their purpose?

To encourage people to give emergency medical care without fear of being sued if something goes wrong.

HIPPA! What is HIPPA? What is considered confidential? (If given a case study, can you pick out the infraction?)

Health insurance portability and accountability act. Confidential info includes name, age, email, social security \#, address, phone \#, medical history, diagnosis, ext.

What is informed consent? Differentiate informed from implied consent. When do you need consent? Think of a time when implied consent is given.

Informed consent is when patients are given info about their care and consent to the thought out treatment plan.

Identify and define ethical principles. There are 7.

Autonomy: respect the right of rational people to determination
Justice: one should treat others fairly/equally
Nonmaleficence: do no harm
Veracity: honesty
Fidelity: keep promises
Confidentiality: medical/personal information must be kept private

Understand ethical decision making

What is best for the patient and makes sence logically.

What factors do professional codes of ethics in healthcare have in common?

They all want the best for their patient.

What are current ethical dilemmas?

COVID-19, abortion laws, ect.

What is professionalism? What are characteristics of a professional attitude and behavior?

Professionalism is a set of values, behaviors, and relationships that form a patient and co-worker's trust.

What is the importance of professional associations?

Provides health care workers with support and assistance throughout their careers

What are healthcare professionals responsibilities regarding reporting abuse?

Report threats to a childs physical/mental well-being, and anyone who is unable to protect themselves.

Differentiate advanced care directives. Be specific.

A living will: what steps (if any), taken to save a life
Durable power of attorney: designates someone to make decisions on behalf of the patient

What is a healthcare providers KEY responsibility to the patient?

Advocate for their patient

What is cultural diversity?

The variety of differences in cultural groups.

What is ethnocentrism?

The belief that a specific social / cultural group

What is culture? What are the key elements?

A shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations that provide structure for daily living.

Differentiate dominant groups from minority groups.

Dominant group is usually the largest group and controls societies values. Minority groups have physical or cultural characteristics that identify people within it as different.

Differentiate between race and ethnicity.

Race: when people share visible physical characteristics.
Ethnicity: people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage.

What are stereotypes?

A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

What are health care disparities?

Differences to access to quality of healthcare.

What are cultural assimilations? Gives examples involving reactions to pain, gender roles, time orientation, food and nutrition preferences.

Cultural assimilation is when a person loses the cultural characteristics that once made them different. Response to pain is culturally influenced.

Differentiate Tay-Saches, Keloids, Lactose defiance/intolerance, sickle cell anemia.

Tay-Saches: eastern European Jewish decent, progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain/spinal cord
Keloids: more prevalent it darker skins, overgrowth of connective tissues that forms when injury heals
Lactose defiance/intolerance: Hispanic, African, Chinese, Tai decent, decent bloating and dihareah after ingesting lactose
Sickle cell anemia: african and meditrainian decent, misshapen red blood cells

Name cultural and ethnic differences that you may encounter in the workplace and explain how they may relate to healthcare

Patients with different beliefs may not agree with a physicians instal treatment plan.

Identify differences among individuals based on socioeconomic factors, age, and religion.

Some religions believe differently about what is necessary to have treated by a doctor.

How a patient responds to pain often depends on their cultural background. Describe some different expressions of pain.

Some cultures encourage expression of pain while others frown upon display of pain.

Describe some gender role differences based on culture.

Some cultures believe that men have a hierarchy over women.

Which culture values close and supportive extended family relationships?

African American

Which culture values the welfare of the family above the individual person?

Asian

What socioeconomic factor affects an individuals health and access to healthcare?

Income

In the Unites States, when speaking to a person, making eye contact demonstrates what?

Engagement in conversation

What are the impacts of health disparities with regard to health outcomes?

Health outcomes tend to not be as good on lower income/education levels.

What are social determinants of health?

Income, education level

Understand diversity in healthcare practices including examples of folk medicine and natural remedies:

Cutaneous Stimulation: stimulation of skin through massage, vibration, heat or cold to reduce pain intensity
Therapeutic touch: healer uses touch to transfer energy to patient
Acupuncture: treats pain/disease through inserting special needles into the body
Acupressure: deep pressure massage at certain points of the body

Explain the roles of the following organizations:
OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
CDC(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
EPA(Environmental Protection Agency)

OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration): federal agency, that ensures the safety of workers, enforces health legislation, and requires facilities to keep practices/policies
CDC(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): a federal agency, dedicated to the prevention of diseases, injury, and disability, requires that all body fluids be treated as infectious
EPA(Environmental Protection Agency): sets policies and guidelines for disposing of hazardous materials. individual states determine protocols based on guidelines.

Discribe transmission of infectious agents (5 steps, chain of infection).

Revisor: person infected (carrier)
Exit from revisor: nose, mouth, rectum, open wound
Vehicle/method or transportation: direct or indirect
Portal of entry: nose,mouth, GI system, open wound
Susceptible host: person who becomes infected

What are 3 ways that healthcare professionals can help stop the spread of disease?

Wash hands, clean gloves, and dispose of used items properly.

What is the best way to avoid transfer of microorganism and break the chain of infection?

Hand-washing

Define nosocomial infections. Give examples. How they spread?

A disease originating in a hospital. Spread by contact ex. UTI, bloodstream infection, pneumonia, surgical site of infection

What is the mode of transmission for:
TB:
Common cold:
Chickenpox:
COVID 19:
HIV:
Hep B:
Hep C:
Pneumonia:
Flu:

TB: (airborne) cough, sneeze, snot
Common cold: (airborne) close and personal contact
Chickenpox: (airborne) toughing blisters, saliva, or mucus of infected person
COVID 19: cough, sneeze, or breath
HIV: (bloodborne) sexual intercourse, drug injection equipment
Hep B: (bloodborne) sexual contact, syringes, unsafe infections, mother to baby (birth)
Hep C: (bloodborne) sharing needles
Pneumonia: airborne, droplets, or direct contact
Flu: airborne, droplets, or direct contact

Define standard precautions. What standard precautions do you take to prevent transmissions?

Ensure the safety of healthcare workers and their patients. ex. washing hands, avoid direct contact, appropriate ppe.

Define personal protective equipment (PPE) and give examples and when to wear it.

Equipment used to help prevent the spread of diseases. Wear when exposed to biohazards material.

What are proper disposal techniques of PPE?

Proper waste should be disposed of in specific containers. Gloves should always be removed first.

When should you hand wash?

After coming into contact with patients/unclean(contaminated) things.