bio161 exam 1

Which type of junction would allow for two cells to openly communicate with each other?

Gap junctions

What are the main components of the Ventral Cavity?

Thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and abdominal cavity

Timothy is going for a run on a hot summer day. His body starts to sweat as a natural reaction to the heat. What will happen to his blood vessels in this response?

They will dilate to allow heat to evaporate

The types of tissues found throughout the body are

Connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscle

Difference in the BLANK of an amino acid makes each unique

R group

Katie has a big race coming up and she really wants to win. What should she fuel with in order to perform her best in the race?

A bowl of pasta

Saturated fats:

Have no double bonds

When disaccharides are changed to monosaccharides, the common chemical process involved is

Hydrolysis

The carbohydrate lactose is commonly found in milk products and its chemical structure contains two carbon rings. What kind of carbohydrate is lactose?

Disaccharide

Scientists are investigating an unknown molecule and want to know what kind of macromolecule it is. They’ve noticed that it contains a lot of phosphate, nitrogen, and monosaccharides. What is it?

Nucleic acid

The energy in ATP is stored in…

The breaking of the phosphate bonds

The protein hemoglobin, commonly found in red blood cells to carry oxygen to cells, has a chemical structure that is composed of multiple proteins put together. What level of protein structure is hemoglobin in?

Quaternary

A man has very high levels of cholesterol in his blood because he eats a lot of feied foods. This would mean that he has very high levels of BLANK in his blood.

LDL

Vitamins are very important in metabolism. What vitamin(s) are an essential component in the process of cellular respiration.

NAD+ and FADH

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in BLANK whereas oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the BLANK

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle; electron transport chain

When glucose is completely broken down in cellular respiration, how many CO2 molecules are produced as waste?

6

The process of fermentation produces

ATP and Lactic acid

Using glucose in cellular respiration produces more ATP than using fatty acids

False

A microorganism lives in a hydrothermal vent in Yellowstone where it has no access to oxygen. It lacks an electron transport chain and does not undergo the citric acid cycle. How much ATP is this organism able to produce?

2

Which is the correct order for substrate-level phosphorylation?

AMP → ADP → ATP

In the sodium/potassium pump, the sodium is always higher in concentration on the outside than inside

True

What is the final electric acceptor in cellular respiration

Oxygen

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen. Where does this oxygen come from?

The air we breathe in

Does simple diffusion require energy?

No

Can different ions use the same channel gate?

No

A cell is placed into a glass containing salt water from the ocean. The water in this cell is going to move

Out of the cell causing the cell to shrink

A molecule is trying to get across the cell membrane. This molecule is very large and has a negative charge. It also moves from a high to low concentration. How will it move across the membrane?

Facilitated diffusion

The sodium/potassium pump is an example of what kind of cell transport

Active transport because it requires energy; Active transport because it moves from low to high concentration

Proteins can be found where along the membrane?

On the inside of the membrane, in the membrane, and on the outside of the membrane

A steroid is an example of a simple carbohydrate

False

An example of dense connective tissue is

tendon

In the secondary strucutre of a protein, what kinds of interactions are occurring

Hydrogen bonding between the backbone

Proteins can be made in the absence of certain amino acids

False

The heads of phospholipids are

Hydrophilic and made of phosphate

Lipids are synthesized in the…

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A small uncharged molecule would move across the cell membrane by

Simple diffusion

Avocado oil is an example of BLANK. These molecules contain BLANK in their structures

Unsaturated fat; double bonds

What separates the abdominal from the thoracic cavity?

Diaphragm

What are the three components of connective tissue?

Matrix, fibers, ground substance

What are the four tissue types in the body?

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective

Describe the structure of epithelial and connective tissue?

Epitelial tissue consists of tightly packed cells held by protein junctions: gap, tight, or adhesion. Connective tissue consists of cells within a non-living matrix (gelationous, solid, or fluid). It makes up dense, loose, and specialized tissue.

Which connective tissues are loose, dense, and specialized? What is the function of the fibroblast cells?

Loose fibers create an open framework and include areoloar and adipose. Dense fibers are tightly packed and include tendons and ligaments. Specialized are blood, bone, and cartilage. Fibroblast cells produce fibers and other substances.

What are the three types of cell junctions and the function of each?

Tight: packed tightly so solutes can’t sneak through

Gap: two channels against each other so ions can go from one to another

Adhesion: loose and allow stretching

What are the two major body cavities? What are the minor cavities found within each of these? What is the diaphragm?

Dorsal cavity consists of the cranial cavity and spinal cavity. The ventral cavity consists of the thoracic cavity (pericardial, pleural), diaphragm, and abdominal cavity.

What are the four types of membranes?

Mucous, Serous, Synovial, and cutaneous

What are the two layers of the skin? What does each contain? What is the function of the skin?

Epidermis: dead epithelium cells; contains dendritic cells and melanocytes 

Dermis: living cells; contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicules

The integmentary system provides protection from pathogens, prevents water loss, regulates body temperature, produces Vitamin D, and protects from UV damage

What is the function of glycogen?

Glycogen is where animals store glucose

What biochemical group does cholesterol belong?

Cholesterol is a type of lipid called a steroid.

What is the monomer for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides

Proteins: amino acids

Nucelic acids: nucelotides

Explain the four levels of protein folding

Primary: linear order of amino acids

Secondary: formed by hydrogen bonding between the backbone; alpha helix and beta helix

Tertiary: formed by interactions with side chains of amino acids; three dimensional

Quaternary: two or more associated polypeptide chains forming a subunit;

What are triglycerides and phsopholpids composed of?

Triglycerides: contains 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids; 

Phospholipids: contain 2 fatty acid tails and 1 phosphate group

What is the function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in the body?

Carbohydrates: quick and short term energy

Lipids: production of hormones, cell membrane, insulation, and store long-term energy storage

Proteins: structure, hormones, enzymes, transport, and movement 

Nucleic acids: store genetic information

What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates? What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats? Which fats are the healthiest?

Simple carbohydrates contain low numbers of carbon atoms whereas complex carbohydrates contain high numbers of carbon atoms in chains of sugar (glucose) units. Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid. Unsaturated fats have a double bonds, are liquid, and are healthiest.

What is ATP?

A special nucleotide is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is a molecule capable of storing energy in its phosphate-to-phosphate bonds

Where does each part of cellular respiration occur?

Cytoplasm → mitochondria → mitochondria

What is fermentation? How many ATPs are produced?

Glycolysis performed without O2 is called fermentation. 2 ATPs produced and lactic acid

How many ATPs are produced by glucose metabolism if oxygen is used?

30-36 ATP produced

What is the waste product produced during cellular respiration?

CO2

Why do fats generate more ATP than glucose?

Fatty acids have more than 6 carbons so they produce more Acetyl CoA which means there are more turns of the citric acid cycle.

Why is it important that metabolism and the calories we consume are balanced?

The food we eat (calories) need to match metabolic needs. If fewer calories are consumed there is weight loss. If more calories are consumer there is weight gain. 

What molecules can move by simple diffusion? Does it require energy?

Nonpolar, small molecules move by simple diffusion. It does not require energy.

How do channels and carriers operate and what type of substances do they move? Does it require energy?

Channels move ions. It has a flow of ions and is regulated by opening and closing. Carriers move larger molecules. It binds and releases molecules one at a time. It is always working and is regulated by inserting and removing from the membrane.

Which direction does water move in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?

Hypertonic: greater concentration of solutes; Water moves out of the cell

Hypotonic: lower concentration of solutes; water moves into the cell

How does the Na+/K+ pump work? (Ie what direction are Na+ and K+ moving) Does it require energy?

Na+ (sodium) is higher outside the cell; K+ (potassium) higher inside the cell. Sodium exits the cell, potassium comes into the cell. It does require energy because it is going against the gradient.

What is the energy molecule in our cells that is produced from glucose metabolism?

ATP

Active transport moves substances from a BLANK to a BLANK concentration

Low to high

How many ATP are produced by the complete breakdown of glucose if O2 is present?

30-36

How many ATP are produced from glucose if oxygen is not used?

2

During a hurricane, salt water invades fresh water marshes causing many of the plants to die. The plants are killed because the salt water solution is BLANK to the plants

Hypertonic

What is an example of a dense connective tissue?

Tendon

The plasma membrane contains how many layers of phospholipids?

2

Potassium (K+) is classified as

Mineral

After lunch, our digestive system will use the process of BLANK to break the food (macromolecules) down into smaller subunits

Hydrolysis

Which level of protein structure is characterized by alpha helices and beta pleated sheets in which hydrogen bonding holds the shape in place?

Secondary structure

The membranes of cells are composed primarily of

Phospholipids

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called

Osmosis

Which direction does Na+ through the Na+/K+ pump?

Out of the cell

Vitamins are a relatively large molecule. It will cross the plasma membrane through a BLANK?

Carrier

Which of the following can cross the plasma membrane because of its selective permeability?

Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

What type of junction is present to allow stretching?

Adhesion

Which of the following would you want to be higher in the blood after eating a meal high in cholesterol?

HDL

K+ will diffuse through a BLANK

Channel

The monomer unit of a protein is BLANK

Amino acids

Often when a person is admitted to the hospital, an intravenous solution of normal saline is begun. Since this does not harm the patient, what is the tonicity of normal saline compared to your blood?

Isotonic

Which of the following functions in cell identity?

Carbohydrates

During the process of osmosis…

Water moves to an area of higher solute concentration

A fatty acid that contains only single bonds between the carbon atoms is considered

Saturated

Facilitated diffusion involves

A carrier molecule

In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid molecules are oriented so that the BLANK heads are facing the outside environment and the BLANK tails are facing the interior of the membrane

Hydrophilic, hydrophobic

How many total NADH are produced when glucose is completely broken down in the presence of oxygen?

12

What type of molecule is NAD+?

Vitamin

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

Mitochondria

How many total ATP are gained when glucose is completely broken down in the presence of oxygen?

36

Carbohydrates on the cell surface function in

Cell identity

The phospholipids are BLANK so only BLANK solutes can cross the membrane by simple diffusion

Nonpolar, nonpolar

Protein channels typically move

Charged molecules

Transporters are regulated by

Removal from the membrane

Which of the following describes how K+ and Na+ move through the Na+/K+ pump?

Na+ will move out while K+ moves in

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in

Electron transport chain